Learn to Respond Properly to Can You Speak Chinese

Be sure to practice your Mandarin Chinese every chance you get. With just a few words and phrases, you can have a simple conversation with a native speaker. Here are a few useful phrases to explain your level of Mandarin and whether you understand or not. Note that there is a difference between understanding spoken Mandarin (Ã¥  ¬Ã§Å¡â€žÃ¦â€¡â€š; tÄ «ng dà © dÇ’ng) and written Chinese (çÅ"‹çš„懂; kà  n dà © dÇ’ng) – the difference between understanding the sound (Ã¥  ¬; tÄ «ng) and the sight (çÅ"‹; kà  n) of the language. Audio clips are marked with ââ€" º Level of Chinese When starting a conversation in Chinese, you may need to explain your level of Mandarin Chinese so that your conversation partner knows what to expect. Here are a few different ways to answer the question: do you speak Chinese? Do you speak Mandarin?ââ€" º NÇ  huà ¬ shuÃ…  ZhÃ… ngwà ©n ma?(trad) ä ½  Ã¦Å"Æ'è ª ªÃ¤ ¸ ­Ã¦â€"‡åâ€"Ž?(simp) ä ½  Ã¤ ¼Å¡Ã¨ ¯ ´Ã¤ ¸ ­Ã¦â€"‡å â€"?I speak Mandarin.ââ€" º WÇ’ huà ¬ shuÃ…  ZhÃ… ngwà ©n.(trad) 我æÅ"Æ'è ª ªÃ¤ ¸ ­Ã¦â€"‡(simp) 我ä ¼Å¡Ã¨ ¯ ´Ã¤ ¸ ­Ã¦â€"‡I speak a little Mandarin.ââ€" º WÇ’ huà ¬ shuÃ…  yÄ «diÇŽndiÇŽn ZhÃ… ngwà ©n.(trad) 我æÅ"Æ'è ª ªÃ¤ ¸â‚¬Ã© »Å¾Ã© »Å¾Ã¤ ¸ ­Ã¦â€"‡(simp) 我ä ¼Å¡Ã¨ ¯ ´Ã¤ ¸â‚¬Ã§â€š ¹Ã§â€š ¹Ã¤ ¸ ­Ã¦â€"‡Yes, a little.ââ€" º Huà ¬, yÄ « diÇŽn diÇŽn.(trad) æÅ"Æ',ä ¸â‚¬Ã© »Å¾Ã© »Å¾(simp) ä ¼Å¡,ä ¸â‚¬Ã§â€š ¹Ã§â€š ¹Not very well.ââ€" º Bà º tà  i hÇŽo.ä ¸ Ã¥ ¤ ªÃ¥ ¥ ½My Mandarin is not good.ââ€" º WÇ’ de ZhÃ… ngwà ©n bà ¹ hÇŽo.我的ä ¸ ­Ã¦â€"‡ä ¸ Ã¥ ¥ ½I only know a few words.ââ€" º WÇ’ zhÇ  zhÄ «dao jÇ ge zà ¬.(trad) 我å  ªÃ§Å¸ ¥Ã© â€œÃ¥ ¹ ¾Ã¥â‚¬â€¹Ã¥ ­â€"(simp) 我å  ªÃ§Å¸ ¥Ã© â€œÃ¥â€¡  Ã¤ ¸ ªÃ¥ ­â€"My pronunciatio n is not very good.ââ€" º WÇ’ de fÄ yÄ «n bà ºshà ¬ hÄ›nhÇŽo.​(trad) 我的ç™ ¼Ã©Å¸ ³Ã¤ ¸ Ã¦Ëœ ¯Ã¥ ¾Ë†Ã¥ ¥ ½(simp) 我的å â€˜Ã©Å¸ ³Ã¤ ¸ Ã¦Ëœ ¯Ã¥ ¾Ë†Ã¥ ¥ ½ Does Your Friend Speak Mandarin? If you are with another person, you may be to answer for them if they do not speak Chinese. For example: Does your friend speak Mandarin?ââ€" º NÇ  de pà ©ngyou huà ¬ shuÃ…  ZhÃ… ngwà ©n ma?(trad) ä ½  Ã§Å¡â€žÃ¦Å"‹å â€¹Ã¦Å"Æ'è ª ªÃ¤ ¸ ­Ã¦â€"‡åâ€"Ž?(simp) ä ½  Ã§Å¡â€žÃ¦Å"‹å â€¹Ã¤ ¼Å¡Ã¨ ¯ ´Ã¤ ¸ ­Ã¦â€"‡å â€"?No, my friend doesn’t speak Mandarin.ââ€" º Bà º huà ¬, wÇ’ de pà ©ngyou bà º huà ¬ shuÃ…  ZhÃ… ngwà ©n.​(trad) ä ¸ Ã¦Å"Æ', 我的æÅ"‹å â€¹Ã¤ ¸ Ã¦Å"Æ'è ª ªÃ¤ ¸ ­Ã¦â€"‡(simp) ä ¸ Ã¤ ¼Å¡, 我的æÅ"‹å â€¹Ã¤ ¸ Ã¤ ¼Å¡Ã¨ ¯ ´Ã¤ ¸ ­Ã¦â€"‡ Listening and Writing Comprehension Skills With these phrases, you can explain your level of Chinese beyond just speaking but also in terms in writing. Do you understand (spoken) Mandarin?ââ€" º NÇ  tÄ «ng dà © dÇ’ng ZhÃ… ngwà ©n ma?(trad) ä ½  Ã¨  ½Ã¥ ¾â€"懂ä ¸ ­Ã¦â€"‡åâ€"Ž?(simp) ä ½  Ã¥  ¬Ã¥ ¾â€"懂ä ¸ ­Ã¦â€"‡å â€"?Do you understand (written) Mandarin?ââ€" º NÇ  kà  n dà © dÇ’ng ZhÃ… ngwà ©n ma?(trad) ä ½  Ã§Å"‹å ¾â€"懂ä ¸ ­Ã¦â€"‡åâ€"Ž?(simp) ä ½  Ã§Å"‹å ¾â€"懂ä ¸ ­Ã¦â€"‡å â€"?I can speak Mandarin, but I can’t read it.ââ€" º WÇ’ huà ¬ shuÃ…  ZhÃ… ngwà ©n dà  nshà ¬ wÇ’ kà  n bà ¹dÇ’ng.(trad) 我æÅ"Æ'è ª ªÃ¤ ¸ ­Ã¦â€"‡ä ½â€ Ã¦Ëœ ¯Ã¦Ë†â€˜Ã§Å"‹ä ¸ Ã¦â€¡â€š(simp) 我ä ¼Å¡Ã¨ ¯ ´Ã¤ ¸ ­Ã¦â€"‡ä ½â€ Ã¦Ëœ ¯Ã¦Ë†â€˜Ã§Å"‹ä ¸ Ã¦â€¡â€šI can read Chinese characters, but I can’t write them.ââ€" º WÇ’ kà  n dà © dÇ’ng ZhÃ… ngwà ©n zà ¬ dà  nshà ¬ wÇ’ bà º huà ¬ xiÄ›.(trad) 我çÅ"‹å ¾â€"懂ä ¸ ­Ã¦â€"‡å ­â€"ä ½â€ Ã¦Ëœ ¯Ã¦Ë†â€˜Ã¤ ¸ Ã¦Å"Æ'Ã¥ ¯ «(simp) 我çÅ"‹å ¾â€"懂ä ¸ ­Ã¦â€"‡å ­â€"ä ½â€ Ã¦Ëœ ¯Ã¦Ë†â€˜Ã¤ ¸ Ã¤ ¼Å¡Ã¥â€ â„¢ Do You Understand Me? Your conversation partner might check in from time to time to make sure youre understanding everything that is being said. If they are speaking too fast or inaudibly, here are some helpful phrases you can ask. Do you understand me?ââ€" º NÇ  tÄ «ng dà © dÇ’ng wÇ’ shuÃ…  shà ©nme ma?(trad) ä ½  Ã¨  ½Ã¥ ¾â€"懂我è ª ªÃ¤ »â‚¬Ã© º ¼Ã¥â€"Ž?(simp) ä ½  Ã¥  ¬Ã¥ ¾â€"懂我è ¯ ´Ã¤ »â‚¬Ã¤ ¹Ë†Ã¥ â€"?Yes, I can understand you.ââ€" º Shà ¬, wÇ’ tÄ «ng dà © dÇ’ng.(trad) æ˜ ¯, 我è  ½Ã¥ ¾â€"懂(simp) æ˜ ¯, 我å  ¬Ã¥ ¾â€"懂I can’t understand you very well.ââ€" º WÇ’ tÄ «ng bà º tà  i dÇ’ng nÇ  shuÃ…  shà ©nme.(trad) 我è  ½Ã¤ ¸ Ã¥ ¤ ªÃ¦â€¡â€šÃ¤ ½  Ã¨ ª ªÃ¤ »â‚¬Ã© º ¼(simp) 我å  ¬Ã¤ ¸ Ã¥ ¤ ªÃ¦â€¡â€šÃ¤ ½  Ã¨ ¯ ´Ã¤ »â‚¬Ã¤ ¹Ë†Please speak more slowly.ââ€" º QÇ ng shuÃ…  mà  n yÄ «diÇŽn.(trad) è «â€¹Ã¨ ª ªÃ¦â€¦ ¢Ã¤ ¸â‚¬Ã© »Å¾(simp) è ¯ ·Ã¨ ¯ ´Ã¦â€¦ ¢Ã¤ ¸â‚¬Ã§â€š ¹Please repeat that.ââ€" º QÇ ng zà  i shuÃ…  yÄ «cà ¬.(trad) è «â€¹Ã¥â€  Ã¨ ª ªÃ¤ ¸â‚¬Ã¦ ¬ ¡(simp) è ¯ ·Ã¥â€  Ã¨ ¯ ´Ã¤ ¸â‚¬Ã¦ ¬ ¡I don’t understand.ââ€" º WÇ’ tÄ «ng bà º dÇ’ng.(trad) 我è  ½Ã¤ ¸  懂(simp) 我å  ¬Ã¤ ¸ Ã¦â€¡â€š Ask For Help Dont be shy! The best way to learn new words is to ask. If youre trying to convey an idea in a conversation but find that you cant, ask the person youre talking to if they can give it a try. Then, try and bring up that phrase again and again in future conversations; repetition is good practice for memorization. How do you say XXX in Mandarin?ââ€" ºXXX ZhÃ… ngwà ©n zÄ›nme shuÃ… ?(trad) XXX ä ¸ ­Ã¦â€"‡æ€Žé º ¼Ã¨ ª ª?(simp) XXX ä ¸ ­Ã¦â€"‡æ€Žä ¹Ë†Ã¨ ¯ ´?

The Community Organizing Self Reflection Essay - 1365 Words

Community Organizing Self-Reflection Experiences My interest in community organizing and building began with the passion and knowledge for the well-being of others my father instilled in my life. My father was the late Chief Elmer Manatowa Jr of the Sac and Fox Nation, Native Tribe of Oklahoma. I have been an active Governing Council member (all adult members) of my Tribe for many years. I landed my first real job, Planning Department secretary, after taking a business course at the local technical .school. In that position, I had the opportunity to attend a Tribal Sovereignty Symposium organized by the Federal, State, and Tribal organizations. This was my first taste of community organizing and community building. It was the fourth symposium of its kind. The topics included Indian law, environmental issues, law enforcement, juvenile justice, arts, taxation, spirituality, preservation, state compacts, and Tribal immunity. There were two Senate Bills, 299 and 667. 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George Orwell 1984 Questions free essay sample

By George Orwell QuestionsJayson Papa 1. Re read pages 3-6 and describe the setting/atmosphere in your own words The first few chapters of  1984  are devoted to introducing the major characters and themes of the novel. These chapters also acquaint the reader with the harsh and oppressive world in which, Winston Smith lives in. It is from Winston’s perspective that the reader witnesses the brutal physical and psychological cruelties brought upon the people by their government. The tone, setting and atmosphere in the opening pages are recurring throughout the whole book and for most of the book the same tone remains. The overall tone of the book is dark, pessimistic, gloomy, cynical and undesirable, especially in the first few pages. It is a slow paced first few pages which reiterate the dark and gloomy tone as every day in London is surrounded and captured by miserable weather. The slow paced and gloomy tone matches Winston’s attitude and actions. The facilities and buildings are run downed and old and are described as grey and dull of colour. . What might change in your life if you â€Å"had to live†¦in the assumption that every sound you made was overheard, and, except in darkness, every moment scrutinised† how does Winston react to/live with these conditions? There is a definite perceived fear amongst not only Winston, but everyone who isn’t a part of the party. If Big Brother announces that everything people do or say is overheard or seen by Big brother and the thought police then people do believe it. Even though it may not be true, people still believe that it could be true therefore behave as if it is true. Winston soon believes that the loss of passion and purpose in life is possibly more terrifying than death itself. Many reasons why Winston rebels is due to his memory. His memory of things being different and better at one time has made it impossible for him to obey the party. Winston accepts his defeat, however his main concern and goal is to help the future generation, he does this by writing in his diary, along with sharing knowledge he gains throughout the book. Winston and Julia combine to rebel against the party however Julia rebels for different reasons to Winston. 3. When you read the novel for the first time, did you follow the footnote on p. 6 and read the appendix on newspeak? Why or why not? I did not follow the footnote or read the appendix as I was more interested in the storyline then possibly becoming confused by the footnote. I did not understand the principles of newspeak at the time, however I was sure that it would be mentioned numerous amounts of time later on in the novel and this would allow me to understand it and its principles. Newspeak is definitely a crucial aspect in understanding what Winston does for a living along with the aims of the party. . a – Explain based on re reading pages 6 and 7, what you think the purpose of each of the ministries were and what kind of methods they might use in their day to day operations based on the descriptions found in these two pages. In 1984, there were four different ministries, all of which served a different purpose. The first ministry revealed was the Ministry of Truth, which wa s described as â€Å"startlingly different from any other object in sight† as it was an enormous pyramidal structure soaring 300 metres into the air. The Ministry of Truth had three slogans painted on one face of the building in elegant lettering, those slogans read: â€Å"WAR IS PEACE†, â€Å"FREEDOM IS SLAVERY†, AND â€Å"IGNORANCE IS STRENGTH†. The Ministry of Truth concerned itself with news, entertainment, education and the fine arts. The second ministry described, was the Ministry of Peace which concerned itself with war. The Ministry of Love proceeded after, and was said to maintain law and order. Lastly revealed was the Ministry of Plenty, which was responsible for economic affairs. The Ministry of Love is described as the most ‘frightening one’ as there were no windows in it at all. Winston has never been in or near the Ministry of Love as it was supposedly ‘impossible’ to enter except on official business. To add to the Ministry of Loves daunting features, the building was surrounded by barbed wire, steel doors and machine guns. The streets leading up to the Ministry of Love were roamed by guards in black uniforms armed with truncheons. With such a harsh description, one would imagine that inside the Ministry of Love, much interrogation and torture would take place. Many would believe that the Ministry of Love is ironically named. However, the term ‘love’ is accurate as the purpose is to instil love of big brother. 4. b Why do you think the ministries are given seemingly ironic name? The reason for the ministries being named ironically is to give the rest of the community a sense of security. Big Brother attempts to portray himself as a leader who wants only good for his people. However the party does this in a way that forces people to believe this. The Ministry of Love portrays itself to the people like a ministry dedicated to helping people in need, however in fact it is a prison, devoted to capturing people who are against the party and shaping them into better party members via torture in room 101. The next ministry, the Ministry of Truth, depicts itself as a ministry that will preserve history however it is a ministry where the truth is manipulated to conform the standards of the party. The Ministry of Plenty presents itself as a ministry that offers goods and services. However, it is actually a ministry that controls the food rations to the point of starvation. The last ministry, the Ministry of Peace, displays itself as a ministry that attempts to deal with peace and war in a humane way however it wages an endless war against â€Å"enemies†. 5. For whom†¦was [Winston] writing this diary? Why do you think Orwell was writing 1984 Winston believes that he has lost the battle against big brother. For his lifestyle that he had in his youth had been taken away from him, however, he constantly replays these memories in his head. Winston’s goal is to educate the future on how life used to be. Winston hopes that his diary will be passed on and he hopes his stories are spread throughout the future generation, as he is against the party and what they stand for, especially newspeak. As it is mentioned in the novel, by the year 2050, no one will remember proper English (Oldspeak) as newspeak will â€Å"narrow the range of thought, as no human in the year of 2050 will understand the conversation occurring at this time† as Syme describe. This is also a long term goal for Winston, to keep Oldspeak alive. Orwell wrote the book, to warn the future generation, much like Winston, about the possibility and probability of every move, action and work spoken is seen or overheard. Orwell highlights the possibility of no free will, and that one day we will all live under an authoritarian government. 6. How is mass hatred of Goldstein generated and sustained The main technique used by Big Brother in persuading the mass to direct hatred towards Goldstein is to conduct a two minutes hate. The two minutes hate is an operation conducted by Big Brother every morning at 11:00 am. The reason that the two minutes hate is so powerful is because hatred makes people to stick together to form a community. Goldstein is portrayed as the enemy, the one who deceives and takes from the community and from Big Brother himself. The two minutes hate is a constant reminder of the deceitfulness of Goldstein, and due to the two minutes hate being so powerful and enticing, people are obliged to join in. 7. What is the political purpose of this? The political purpose is quite simple. We do not know if the existence of Goldstein is true or not, however Big Brother uses Goldstein as a scapegoat. Big brother uses Goldstein in order to gain respect and trust and ultimately love. Goldstein is portrayed as a betrayer and a taker, and this allows Big Brother the opportunity gain respect from his people. The two minutes hate is in order to unite people as a community and to expel hatred for Goldstein and to make people subconsciously show love towards big brother. 8. What is fatalism? How is Winston fatalistic with regards to his approach to the diary writing? Fatalism is the thought or belief that all events are predetermined and therefore inevitable. Winston writes his diary in order to prevent this thought of â€Å"inevitability†. Winston is too old to change his lifestyle however his ultimate goal in writing the diary is to educate the future. Winston knows that Big Brother will become stronger, and Newspeak will live on, however If there is a chance in Oldspeak surviving, Winston is willing to contribute and help.

Medea And Chorus Essays - Argonauts, Women And Death, Operas, Medea

Medea And Chorus The exchange that takes place between Medea and the Chorus serves several purposes in Euripides' tragedy, The Medea. It allows us to sympathize with Medea in spite of her tragic flaws. It also foreshadows the tragic events that will come to pass. Finally, it contrasts rationality against vengeance and excess. The Chorus offers the sane view of the world to the somewhat insane characters of Medea, Jason, and Creon. As the passage begins on page 176, the leader of the Chorus reveals that she has high regards for Medea despite the fact that she is "savage still." She acknowledges Medea as a foreigner and an outsider and yet is sympathetic towards her. This alliance is apparently based on female bonds rather than on any kind of national loyalty. Medea wastes no time before she begins lamenting and cursing those who "dared wrong me without cause." The Chorus tries to comfort Medea, hoping that this might "lessen her fierce rage / And her frenzy of spirit." They show real concern for her well-being, as well as for the well-being of her loved ones. This unselfish attitude is in stark contrast to the attitudes of the main characters in the tragedy, who all seem to be extremely self-serving. So in just a few short lines, it's already become apparent that while the chorus doesn't necessarily agree with the way that Medea is handling her situation, they are sticking by her and supporting her. This idea supports one of the important themes of the play: the battle of the sexes. Medea now has a chance to get a few things off her chest. She addresses the "Women of Corinth," reminding them that of "all things that live upon the earth and have intelligence we women are certainly the most wretched." She discusses the sad lot that women must deal with in marriage and again stresses the fact that she is an outsider, "alone, without / a city. Her speech is clever and compelling. It's a reminder that she is a very intelligent woman, certainly capable of outsmarting Jason or Creon. This leads us to her plot. She tells the Chorus that "a woman is timid in other things, and is a coward in looking on cold steel, but / whenever she is wronged in her marriage there / is no heart so murderous as hers." The Chorus responds to this by telling Medea that she has the right to seek vengeance on her husband. This certainly foreshadows her plan to murder those who she feels have injured her. It also reveals her tragic flaw. She is excessive in her love for Jason and in her reaction to the loss of his devotion. This passage marks the last time that a civil exchange takes place for quite some time. Much of the rest of the play is spent on bickering, begging, and bad-mouthing. Whether you view Medea as a femme fatale or a tragic hero, her progression from pain to anger to violence is very representative of human nature. Most humans are capable of the excessive behavior demonstrated by Medea; fortunately, most of us live more by the moderate and rational terms of the Chorus.

Lifebouys Marketing Strategies free essay sample

Lifebuoy is a product of Hindustan Unilever Ltd. The brands core promise is protection and a commitment to support life . Lifebuoys programmes aims to educate people about the benefits of handwash with soap, and how handwash can help kill invisible, disease causing germs. It guarantee’s protection to everyone . this brand has established it self as the disinfectant soap , and has achieved immense success in all its campaign. Lifebuoy is one of the leading soaps in the market , thus my study will show a detailed study of its market strategies INTRODUCTION MARKETING STRATEGIES Marketing strategy is defined by David Aaker as a process that can allow an organization to concentrate its resources on the optimal opportunities with the goals of increasing sales and achieving a sustainable competitive advantage. Marketing strategy includes all basic and long-term activities in the field of marketing that deal with the analysis of the strategic initial situation of a company and the formulation, evaluation and selection of market-oriented strategies and therefore contribute to the goals of the company and its marketing objectives. We will write a custom essay sample on Lifebouys Marketing Strategies or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page FMCG INDUSTRY OF HUL IN INDIA FMCG came into in existence in 1888 when Sun Light soap was firstly seen at KOLKATA harbor. It was made by Lever brothers in England. After that in 1895 Lifebuoy and after that Lux, Pears and Vim bar Hindustan Unilever Limited (‘HUL’), formerly Hindustan Lever Limited (it was renamed in late June 2007 as HUL), is Indias largest Fast Moving Consumer Goods (FMCG) company, touching the lives of two out of three Indians with over 20 distinct categories in Home Personal Care Products and Foods Beverages. These products endow the company with a scale of combined volumes of about 4 million tonnes and sales of nearly Rs 13718 crores. HUL is also one of the countrys largest exporters; it has been recognized as a Golden Super Star Trading House by the Government of India. The mission that inspires HULs over 15,000 employees, including over 1,300 managers, is to add vitality to life. HUL meets everyday needs for nutrition, hygiene, and personal care with brands that help people feel good, look good and get more out of life. It is a mission HUL shares with its parent company, Unilever, which holds 52. 10% of the equity. The rest of the shareholding is distributed among 360,675 individual shareholders and financial institutions. LIFEBOUY Lifebuoy is a product of Hindustan Unilever Ltd. , India, which was earlier called the Unilever ltd. Lifebuoy is actually a brand which was invented globally before the term global branding itself was invented. It was invented in 1894 in UK as the royal disinfectant soap by William Hesketh Lever. In India Lever brothers introduced Lifebuoy in 1895 with the set up of offices for sales and marketing in Chennai, Mumbai, Kolkata and Karachi. Consistent in Lifebuoys 110+ year history has been its championing of health through hygiene. The brands core promise of protection and a commitment to support life through unbeatable protection is at the heart of the brand name itself – Lifebuoy, the guarantee of protection when you are threatened. While brands have managed to upgrade their image and evolve together with their consumers – Lifebuoy is a great example, having moved from a carbolic, sweaty association to desirable health imagery – there has been no example of a brand that has moved to the top of the pole after residing at the bottom. The relaunch of the soap in 2002, 2004 again in 2006 have been turning points in its history. In 2004, Lifebuoy’s product offering was revamped with contemporary packaging and an upmarket look. While that went down well with existing users, new users were still elusive; they continued to perceive the product as a ‘cheap soap for poor people’. That perception had to be changed without alienating the Lifebuoy loyalists. The objective for HUL was to launch a campaign that helped the soap shed its old-fashioned image and gain an entry into two million urban households. Lifebuoy before the end of the first quarter of 2011 was the leader in soap market in India after which they lost the competition to Reckitt Benckisers Dettol. Dettol is now the market leader with 42% of the market share whereas lifebuoy has 41% of the market share in the same market. OBJECTIVE OF STUDY REASON for selecting this topic Lifebuoy makes a moving appeal with Muthu’s story: Hindustan Unilever’s soap brand Lifebuoy has launched a social media campaign ‘Saving Lives’, inviting people to pledge support for the health initiatives it has undertaken on ground. The three-minute film has been created by Lowe Lintas and Partners and is currently on YouTube and Facebook. The film set in a village starts with a small boy (Muthu) spotting handprints in the mud outside his house. Curious, he sets out to follow the trail. He then spots his father who is walking on his hands across the town. He begins to walk along and very soon other villagers join them. His father continues his journey across the fields with the size of the procession increasing with musicians too walking along. A young lady, who seems like a tourist from the city, sees the procession from a bus and is intrigued. She joins them, trying to find out what is happening. The procession climbs on top of a hill, the man still walking on his hands over the rocky terrain. Finally, they reach their destination a temple. The man pays his respects to God before finally putting his feet on the ground. He explains to the priest that his son Muthu has turned five. The young lady asks the bystander what the big deal about turning five was. The bystander explains that Muthu is the man’s only child to have survived till the age of five. The film ends with the super announcing: On the initiative, Samir Singh, global vice president, Lifebuoy, said: â€Å"Lifebuoy’s goal is to change the hand-washing behaviours of a billion people by 2015 in order to help save lives and reduce disease. On top of the work we have been doing on ground for the last 10 years, we needed people to support our cause in huge numbers to reach our goal. † There are other HYGIENE EDUCATION AND DISASTER RELIEF measures that Lifebouy has takes in times of natural disaster. In 2004 after a Tsunami hit Asia, Lifebuoy bars were sent in relief packages to India, Sri Lanka and Indonesia to help prevent the spread of disease. The brand also provided aid after earthquakes hit Pakistan and Northern India in 2005. Lifebuoy donated over 200,000 bars of soap to the International Committee of the Red Cross to support the recovery effort. Lifebouy’s campaign continues today, with Lifebuoy hygiene education programmes ongoing in countries including India, Bangladesh, Pakistan, Sri Lanka, Indonesia and Vietnam. These are the few reasons which motivated me to make this project . The main OBJECTIVE of the project is to find: The strategies used to market its world famous soap, LIFEBUOY, in India ;the process of using market segmentation, target marketing, the product, pricing, promotional and distribution strategies. To analyse how it has established itself as the disinfectant soap . To study its competitors strategies and lifebouy’s relationship with them. LITERATURE REVIEW: Article 1: Brand story: Lifebuoy’s journey that is in the spotlight. Sruthi Radhakrishnan, ET Bureau Mar 23, 2011, 05. 08am IST When you go to a doctor, there are some very strict, disciplinarian ones and there are some who make light of the illness. Lifebuoy is the second kind of doctor, says Amer Jaleel, NCD, Lowe Lintas. Lifebuoy, for long, has been associated with a big, red, chunky bar of soap that keeps one healthy. The heritage brand, which has been around for more than a 100 years now (the first container with Lifebuoy soaps landed on Indian shores in 1895 at Bombay Harbour), was once touted to be the soap that was everything male and sporty. It has now become a family brand. Article 2: HULs advertising on rotis at the Kumbh Mela Lifebuoy se haath dhoye kya? February 8, 2013 | Sagar Malviya , ET Bureau. At Kumbh Mela, the largest congregation on earth where all big marketers are vying to sell their wares and boost their brands, one promotion that stands out is Hindustan Unilevers Roti Reminder for its Lifebuoy soap brand, ET reports. The countrys largest consumer products firm, along with creative agency Ogilvy, has partnered more than 100 dhabas and hotels at the mela site to serve rotis that are stamped with Lifebuoy se haath dhoye kya? (Have you washed your hand with Lifebuoy? ) The Roti Reminder gets a consumers attention at the exact time when hand washing is critical, Sudhir Sitapati, general manager, skin cleansing, at HUL, says. That is, right when she sits down to eat roti with her hand. At Kumbh Mela, the largest congregation on earth where all big marketers are vying to sell their wares and boost their brands, one promotion that stands out is Hindustan Unilevers Roti Reminder for its Lifebuoy soap brand, ET reports. The countrys largest consumer products firm, along with creative agency Ogilvy, has partnered more than 100 dhabas and hotels at the mela site to serve rotis that are stamped with Lifebuoy se haath dhoye kya? (Have you washed your hand with Lifebuoy? ) The Roti Reminder gets a consumers attention at the exact time when hand washing is critical, Sudhir Sitapati, general manager, skin cleansing, at HUL, says. That is, right when she sits down to eat roti with her hand. Article 3 Hindustan Unilever celebrates Global Handwashing Day Ahona Ghosh, ET Bureau Oct 15, 2012, 05. 06PM IST Hindustan Unilever is celebrating its 5th annual Global Handwashing Day across the country today. An initiative of the companys Lifebuoy brand of soap the campaign has been designed to raise awareness of handwashing with soap as a simple but lifesaving habit. At Mumbais Municipal Corporation School in Worli today the companys CEO, Nitin Paranjpe, film actress Kajol and Dr. Nirupam Bajpai, Director of the Columbia Global Centers, South Asia, and a Senior Development Advisor at the Earth Institute at Columbia University,spent two hours this morning with the children in an interactive session on benefits of handwashing. Article 4 Lifebuoy to get a facelift Rajas Kelkar, TNN Feb 9, 2002, 01. 00am IST Mumbai : Hindustan Lever, the countrys largest consumer goods company, will relaunch its 107-year old lifebuoy brand in an attempt to upgrade its image and positioning. this will be the first major relaunch of the soap and it will transform lifebuoy from a low-end, mass product into a brand new soap with a new price, packaging and positioning. sources said the company is reducing the size of the normal lifebuoy soap to 125 gms from 150 gms and increasing the price to rs 9 from rs 8. 50, an effective hike of 27 per cent. the company will make a formal announcement on february 12. company officials remained tightlipped about the issue. when contacted, a hll spokesman declined to comment. analysts say lever is attempting to revive the brands fortunes which have declined recently due to falling volumes in the overall soap segment. lifebuoy commands a volume market share of 18 per cent and is one of the most successful brands in the lever stable. but it has recently lost market share in a declining soaps market and its value dipped to rs 450 crore in 2001 from rs 595 crore in 2000. the price hike will come close on the heels of similar moves by lever in other products in the personal wash category. they believe that the current stock price of hll has already taken into account the price revision to be announced by hll. the current price factors in the increase in prices of key brands like lifebuoy and lux. the company is making an effort to boost its margins through the strategy. we do not believe that the price hike will result in a significant boost in sales or margins in the short-term. a large part of the earnings will be spent on promotions and marketing efforts required for relaunches, a dealer at a leading institutional brokerage commented. the hll stock rose 3. 59 per cent to rs 231 from rs 223, the third straight day of gains. the personal care wash category accounts for 18 per cent of the companys total sales revenues. Article 5 The FMCG and Retail Marketing blog Posted on December 18, 2010 Great Sales Promotion Strategy: Haath Dhoye Kya (Lifebuoy Hand Sanitizers) Was sitting in Coffee Cafe Day having a cup of coffee with a friend at santacruz east incidentally when I entered in the coffee shop I saw every table being displayed with a Lifebuoy Hand Sanitizer with a tag line â€Å"Haath Dooye Kya†. Great Sales Promotion Strategy: Haath Dhoye Kya (Lifebuoy Hand sanitizer) Now this is such a smart marketing where you are making consumer getting addicted to the consumption of the product by providing them live sample of the product with the freedom of using the product without paying for it. Now this is generating intense consumption need of the product which is already being consumed for instance take the example of those tooth paste companies who educated their present consumer who used to brush their teeth once in a day by just letting â€Å"consumer aware that you should brush your teeth twice in a day or every 12 hrs† rather than once in 24 hrs. Now in this case they have segmented it very well they have taken the Promotion spot as Coffee cafe day where most of the people who visit are middle and upper middle class and most of them are really hygiene conscious and with such a attacking tag line â€Å"Haath dhoya kya† will unnecessary will remind you that dude I need to wash my hand and I think while using this sanitizer he will think of buying a hand sanitizer for himself because of the fact that most of the people carry bag along with them in Mumbai so will think of buying it after using it . Think Buddy â€Å"Haath dhoya kya†. Article 6 Sanitizer cos cashing in on swine flu scare Ratna Bhushan, ET Bureau Dec 24, 2009, 02. 11am IST NEW DELHI: For decades, personal hygiene for Indians started and ended with Lifebuoy soaps and Dettol hand wash. Not any more. With swine flu scare sweeping across the country and spreading consciousness about hygiene like never before, a bunch of consumer product makers including Godrej Consumer Products, Paras Pharmaceuticals and Wipro Consumer Care have jumped into this market with hand sanitizers. Hindustan Unilever too has launched its hand sanitizer in select markets under the Lifebuoy brand alright, but its facing competition from Himalaya Herbal Healthcare, one of the few existing players that had so long restricted its sales mostly to hospitals, and a spate of new regional brands Article 7 The Indian Express Lifebuoy told to pay Dettol for ‘slanderous’ ad Krishnadas Rajagopal : New Delhi, July 19, Sun Jul 20 2008, 00:14 hrs A doctor husbands advice to his wife on a television ad to use Lifebuoy instead of a green-covered antiseptic soap cost the 110-year-old UK-launched brand name Rs 5 lakh in damages to competitor Dettol. The almost 10-second clip beamed on several TV channels features a man and his wife back home on a rain-soaked day. The woman decides to take a bath with an ordinary antiseptic soap in a green-white cover, drawing ridicule from her doctor sahib. Naadaan ko aql dena, ham sab ko bachaa lena (Oh God save her†¦ show reason to the naive†¦ he sings with their children on TV to rubbish an orange coloured bar soap. The Delhi High Court restrained Hindustan Lever Limited, the manufacturers of brand Lifebuoy, from issuing or telecasting the advertisement and slapped punitive damages of Rs 5 lakh on the company. Justice Badar Durrez Ahmed termed the video clip a deliberate act to reduce the sales of brand Dettol through the device of slander. The ad, Dettol claimed, had caused a severe dent in the image of Dettol Original soap. Lifebuoy said Dettol had no exclusive right or monopoly over the colour, shape or packaging. Justice Ahmed said the yardstick to judge if the advertisement was defamatory lay in the image of Dettol soap that the public at large carried in their minds. METHODOLOGY: My Methodology would be primarily secondary material. These are the readily available sources of the data which hasalready been collected by some researchers, experts and specialties . The secondary sources helpful for the study was mainly the internet. I would analyse and give my information based on these materials. DISCUSSION : FINDINGS :- LIFEBUOY PORTFOLIO:- Today, the Lifebuoy brand is more than the quintessential bar of red soap, and provides hygiene and health for the entire family through a range of products like liquid hand wash and specially designed body wash. Beyond ensuring daily hygiene and freshness, Lifebuoy products also address special needs like anti-acne and skin fortification for an all around cleansing experience. PRODUCT LIFE CYCLE : Lifebuoy Bar is in the maturity stage of its life cycle Products HAND SANITIZER Lifebuoy Hand Sanitizer effectively disrupts bacteria’s cell membrane virus’s outer coat thereby kills germs viruses on your hands. Proven that it can instantly kill 99. 99% germs and H1N1 virus . Dries quickly, is non-sticky and has soothing fragrance. Has Moisturizer and Vitamin E to keep your hands soft and smooth. BAR SOAP Lifebuoy bar soaps support children’s health and growth by providing extended germ protection for up to 12 hours after a bath thanks to enhanced ingredients. Lifebuoy Body Wash provides deep cleansing of pores, protecting against the three root causes of skin health problems – clogged pores, over-drying, and infection-causing germs. HAND WASH Clean, germ-free hands are the key to good health, as ingestion of germs from unhygienic hands at mealtimes is the most likely cause for common diseases. Lifebuoy Hand Soaps offer hospital-strength germ protection, with a unique formulation that generates a rich lather. This provides an effective and hygienic wash in every corner of the hands and nails, at the same time leaving your hands pleasantly fragrant. MEN’S BODYWASH Male skin is more oily and sweaty, making it more prone to attacks from germs that cause skin problems and body odour. Lifebuoy Mens Body Washes are specially formulated to wash away excess oil and sweat, protecting against body odour and other problems caused by germs. Two variants provide the most important benefits to mens skin: CLEAR SKIN Lifebuoy Clear Skin provides specialist protection from acne, which results from oil and dirt coming together. Mineral clay or multani mitti absorbs the oil from your skin, while washing away germs and dirt to greatly reduce the incidence of acne. In fact, Lifebuoy Clear Skin has been shown to reduce acne up to 70 per cent in six weeks, guaranteeing visibly clearer skin MARKETING STRATEGIES FOR LIFEBUOY INTRODUCTION: Lifebuoy has always been marketed as ‘a tough cleaning soap for a tough man. ’ (Of course, the 2002 re-launch targeted Lifebuoy as a soap that brought good health to the entire family). Lifebuoy has been seen as a valuefor- money product, a soap that is long-lasting. In a very smart TV ad campaign, children are shown cleaning a street. The message put across is that since these children are secure from ailments that are caused by a lack of proper sanitation and hygiene, thanks to the fact that they use Lifebuoy, they are in a position to ensure cleanliness and hygiene for the entire community. Thus, Lifebuoy not only ensures good health and cleanliness for individuals, but healthy and productive communities as well. The ‘Lifebuoy Swasthya Chetana’ programme uses a‘direct consumer contact’methodology, and touches the lives of 70 million people in 18,000 villages. A unique feature of this campaign is that it utilizes multiple contacts, as opposed toother programmes which are single contact’ in nature. Gushes the HLL spokesman, â€Å"This programme aims to educate people about the benefits of handwash with soap, and how handwash can help kill invisible,disease causing germs. It is thus a marketing programme with a strong social cause of improving the health and hygiene of rural India. The brand USP is, ‘Lifebuoy provides 100% better protection from germs as compared to ordinary soaps. ’ LIFEBUOY’S MARKET SEGMENTATION AND TARGETING: The targeting market for lifebuoy is all households who can afford buying soap and who want to fulfill everyday need that provides them and their family with a 100 anti bacterial solution and complete protection from all germs bacteria and cleanliness from dirt Lifebuoy belief that children are the potential agent for change and impartingeducation on the importance of hand washing with soap will enable them to adopt early habit in life LIFEBUOY’S REPOSITIONING STRATEGY: Lifebuoy soap is a very old brand of bath soap in India, Life Buoy is an anti bacterial soap and in the beginning it positioned itself on its antibacterial qualities, lifebuoy gained a number of customers with this positioning, but then there comes the competition with the Dettol soap.. All this put Lifebuoy out of lime light and to survive in market, Lifebuoy positioned itself on price it became low price antibacterial soap. This strategy may have boosted short term sales of Lifebuoy but it lost its brand value and credibility in the minds of customers. Lifebuoy needed to reposition itself on quality ratherthan price. REPOSITIONING CAMPAIGN: The repositioning campaign of Lifebuoy was started at 2008, but it became more prominent and became effective in 2009, Lifebuoy along with the advertisement has improved its quality and fragrance, most of the people had shifted from lifebuoy because it was low quality and it smelled terribly, as Lifebuoy has improved its quality all it needed to run an effective advertisement campaign to get the customers attention. The advertisement team of Lifebuoy came up with excellent theme â€Å"Healthy Hoga Hindustan†and it is targeting parents which is their target market, Lifebuoy made very effective ad and it also used fear strategy (which is effective in case of antibacterial soap). This has enabled Lifebuoy to get more and more customers. Now a days, Lifebuoy is everywhere in Television, Radio, Newspapers and Billboards, Lifebuoy is running a huge campaign to promote itself which is very necessary in case of repositioning the brand. With the help of marketing department and advertisement, Lifebuoy has successfully repositioned itself as a quality antibacterial soap with better fragrance and more durability. Many companies try to reposition themselves when they see market trend shifting but most fail to do so. In case of Lifebuoy it has been successful. The interesting thing about this campaign is that Lifebuoy is running the same campaign in Pakistan and in India as is done by Unilever, this suggest that lifeboay is considering India and Pakistan as the similar market segment. MARKET STRATEGIES: Here in marketing strategies we will discuss the existing strategy of Lifebuoy along with some adjustments in the strategies to improve our selected product. The discussion of these market strategies are hereunder. MARKET SCOPE STRATEGY: Although Unilever itself is a part of a Multi market, but since we are talking about the product Lifebuoy we can say that it is using a multi market strategy as well because it has both soap and shampoo, not these two only but they have others antibacterial liquid baths as well opening a way for Lifebuoy to be a multiple product. MARKET ENTRY STRATERGY Lifebouy is one of the old products of uniliver which has more than 100years of successful journey ,we can simply say that Lifebuoy is the early entrants internationally and in India it is the first-in in its kind of soaps. By adopting the first-in strategy, Lifebuoy has captured the maximum share of the market. Over 60 years in India we guess there is not a single home that didn’t use it. Lifebuoy has taken the risk of the first-in and consequently got one of the biggest markets in Asian countries by providing its quality and sustained priced product to both rural and urban areas of India. MARKET COMMITMENT STRATEGY: Being the first-in in the market Unilever has shown strong commitment with its brand of life time i. e. Lifebuoy and that commitment to its brand has really foster the growth of Unilever as well as its brand of Lifebuoy. But from the recent decade Unilever is no more showing the strong commitment to Lifebuoy because over the period of time many of the competitors came in the market with new innovative product, better market strategies and stronger commitment. In the present scenario, Unilever is just showing an average commitment to its brand of Lifebuoy which has really put its brand on the back foot. STRATEGIES WITH RESPECT TO 4P’S: PRODUCT STRATEGIES: A product is anything that can be offered to a market to satisfy a need or want. Products that are marketed include physical goods, services, experiences, events, persons, places, properties, organizations, information and ideas. PRODUCT POSITIONING STRATEGY: â€Å"Placing a brand in that part of the market where it will have a favorable reception compare with other brands†. Unilever position Lifebuoy when come in red colors as a brand of low income group. They choose their segment and position their brand according to the needs and wants of the segments. This segment wants long life of the soap and the chemical formula of Lifebuoy enables it to have long life. PRODUCT REPOSITIONING STRATEGY: Due to competition, Unilever has to reposition its brand Lifebuoy because the needs and wants of people are changed. Unilever should revise its marketing mix to reposition Lifebuoy. Now they are targeting whole India by the advertisement â€Å"Healthy Hoga Hindustan†. They position their brand for the health conscious people. In repositioning they changed the shape, color and the attributes of the Lifebuoy because want this kind of changes and they do this through environmental scanning. PRODUCT SCOPE STRATEGY: Single Brand: Unilever is using single brand strategy when Lifebuoy came in traditional red color and use by lower income group. Multiple Brands :In order to attain the whole market Unilever has introduced Lifebuoy shampoo to capture more growth and profits. PRODUCT DESIGN STRATEGY: Deals with the standardization of the product. Unilever is using two of product development strategies. Standard product: Unilever is offering a standard product of Lifebuoy soap and shampoo by standardized packaged product. Customized product: In case of Lifebuoy shampoo different sizes are available, customers use according to its requirements from 200ml bottle to 5ml sachet pack since there is no one time consumption PRICING STRATEGIES: MARKET PENETRATION : Market penetration is the name given to a growth strategy where the business focuses on selling existing products into existing markets. Market penetration has four main objectives: Maintain or increase the market share of current products this can be achieved by a combination of competitive pricing strategies, advertising, sales promotion and perhaps more resources dedicated to personal selling. Secure dominance of growth market. Restructure a mature market by driving out competitors; this would require a much more aggressive promotional campaign, supported by a pricing strategy designed to make the market unattractive for competitors. Increase usage by existing customers – for example by introducing loyalty schemes. Ansoff Matrix : Current Product New Product Current Market Market Penetration Product Development New Market Market Development Diversification Fast Moving Consumer Goods (FMCG) like lifebuoy shop has fullfil requirements for making an impression in the market for penetrating: Strong distribution channel Minimum profit margin Simple marketing message Lesser-priced packs to increase affordability Packaging in smaller units and localized design that attracts consumers Convenience of storage while use Thorough knowledge of the village psyche In brief, the strategy revolves around what attracts consumers to a product PROMOTIONAL STRATEGIES: Successful promotion campaigns dont happen by chance. To realize goals, promotional products programs must be carefully planned, taking into consideration the audience, budget and, of course, the ultimate result to be gained. Sales promotions are non-personal promotional efforts that are designed to have an immediate impact on sales. Media and non-media marketing communications are employed for a pre-determined limited time to increase consumer demand, stimulate market demand or improve product availability. Lifebuoy is promoting its product using these kinds of promotional techniques Consumer sales promotion techniques: The different consumer sales promotion techniques used by Lifebuoy are: Price deal: A temporary reduction in the price, such as happy hour. Cents-off deal: Offers a brand at a lower price. Price reduction may be a percentage marked on the package. Price-pack deal: The packaging offers a consumer a certain percentage more of the product for the same price (for example, 25 percent extra). Coupons: coupons have become a standard mechanism for sales promotions. Free-standing insert (FSI): A coupon booklet is inserted into the local newspaper for delivery. Rebates: Consumers are offered money back if the receipt and barcode are mailed to the producer. Contests/sweepstakes/games: The consumer is automatically entered into the event by purchasing the product DISTRIBUTION STRATEGIES: Movement of goods and services from the source through the distribution channel, right up to the final consumer or user and the movement of payment in the opposite direction, right up to the original producer or supplier Chanel of Distribution: A distribution channel can be as short as being direct from the vendor to the consumer or may include several inter-connected (usually independent but mutually dependent) intermediaries such as wholesalers, distributors , agents, retailers. Each intermediary got the items at one pricing point and moves it to the next higher pricing point until it reaches the final buyer also called channel of distribution or marketing channel. Existing strategy: Unilever uses a lot of distributors and retailers to supply its products in each market where the final customer might reasonably look for it. While appointing a distributor for a particular area, management uses its own judgment to select such a person that has a potential to operate effectively. Unilever uses an intensive distribution strategy for lifebuoy soap while at the same brand but in shampoos category it introduces only extensive strategy. Unilever did not fight for the better shelf space for lifebuoy soap as Lifebuoy is targeting middle and low income consumers so shelf space is not important their main focus is on intensive distribution and ideal price with some innovation SWOT ANALYSIS OF LIFEBOUY COMPARASION : DETTOL AND LIFEBOUY PRODUCT: When we start talking about the products of Dettol, the first thing that strikes a chord in our mind is that â€Å"Dettol means secure† and we are â€Å"100% sure† about that. Dettol entered the soap market only with one soap,Dettol Original. And then diversified into 4 different soaps namely- Dettol original, Dettol skin care, Dettol cool and Dettol Fresh. Dettol soaps always come with a recommendation from IMA- Indian Medical Association. This sign makes Dettol more secure and safer. And the diversification of dettols products increased the customer base of the company because each one of its product is quality-wise different and caters the needs of different people in a much diversified country like India where preferences differs vividly. Dettol is a very old brand in India and is always considered as the 3rd most trusted brand in India. The success story of lifebuoy is in having moved from a carbolic, sweaty association to desirable health imagery. And when we discuss about the quality of lifebuoy, it stands as the soap with most durability in India. Long lasting life of the soap itself is USP for the brand. And coming to the next parameter in product category for lifebuoy, design, the design of the earlier bars of the royal disinfectant soap had been carried over for years by the company. The red color that really marked the brand name went under changes in yea

Free Essays on Comparison Of The Wave And Macbeth

like â€Å"tore† â€Å"vex† â€Å"struggling† and â€Å"scorned† set a mysterious theatrical mood. Despite the conventional rhyme and meter of the poem, â€Å"Polphyria’s lover† mimics natural speech becoming a monologue. This gives the poem a dramatic quality. However with Whitman, the poem has no structure. It has no rhyme scheme, and no meter. Yet the poem is not completely free verse to the repetitive I at the beginning of every line aside from the last two, and the repetition... Free Essays on Comparison Of The Wave And Macbeth Free Essays on Comparison Of The Wave And Macbeth Commentary: â€Å"I sit and look out† and â€Å"Polphyria’s lover† Words, lines, sentences, meter. These are the basics of poetry. However these characteristics alone are not enough to make a poem. A poem’s magic lies in the intensity of feeling, the emotions of the writer toward his subject. It is this aspect that that sparks the fuse of a poem and uncoils hidden meanings and entrapping ideas. Every poet wants to convey his message in such a way so the reader will empathize with them. Here we look at the two poems: Robert Browning’s â€Å"Polphyria’s lover† and Walt Whitman’s â€Å"I sit and look out†. With these two poems two different styles and techniques are shown. Browning’s poem follows a strict structure. He uses rhyme scheme ABABB which puts a spin on the tradition rhyme of ABAB. This seems to reflect the madness brewing in the mind of the main character and speaker in the poem. He also uses a meter of 8 beats to the line, helping the reader through the poem at a systematic pace. The first 5 lines in Browning poem are very different from the rest. Every line is complete in itself â€Å"The rain set in early tonight† and â€Å"It tore the elm-tops down for spite†. This is in order to beckon the reader into the setting and set the mood for the terrible events about to happen. After this, the poem gets more dysfunctional, the poet goes around the lines to complete thoughts, reflecting the increasing lunacy in the mind of the narrator. Words like â€Å"tore† â€Å"vex† â€Å"struggling† and â€Å"scorned† set a mysterious theatr ical mood. Despite the conventional rhyme and meter of the poem, â€Å"Polphyria’s lover† mimics natural speech becoming a monologue. This gives the poem a dramatic quality. However with Whitman, the poem has no structure. It has no rhyme scheme, and no meter. Yet the poem is not completely free verse to the repetitive I at the beginning of every line aside from the last two, and the repetition...

Affirmative action at the work place Research Paper

Affirmative action at the work place - Research Paper Example It is pertinent to note that there is several affirmative actions’s named reverse discrimination by the critics. Here, the critics argue that it enforces barriers between individuals instead of its down breakage. A general scenario of affirmative action in the United State is outlined as follows. With affirmative action, several issues are designed for address. First, it is pertinent to address the history of discrimination (Roach, 1997, p.52). Importantly, according to the law it is evident that many people have been excluded historically from schools, social endeavors, and jobs just to mention but a few and so in many cases there is creation of advantages from such historic pattern of exclusion. Policies are set to address the issue of current discrimination in a fight to create a more diverse and fully integrated society. In America, it is clear that there is a continued dialogue on gender, race, and inequity therefore the affirmative action needs a distinctive place in the talks. Of late, the experts affirm that the debate on affirmative action has its focus on the government-sponsored actions of affirmatives as well as university admission. It follows that due to submergence in the government-sponsored actions of affirmatives, the cooperate affirmatives actions are left unattended. The above is significant in the manners that it leaves uncertainty on the future of the affirmative action. According to research, it is argued that republican revolution of the year 1994 did weaken the affirmative action advocacy in political power. Sadly, the above decreased Capital Hill political support. Further, it is discussed that several court cases that are pending can initiate the of the voters to eliminate many forms of action of affirmative potentially. Unfortunately government sponsored affirmative actions are literally distinct from the corporate programs in a manner that it is hard to substantially multiply survival chances. It is unfortunate to realize tha t in United State the key corporate on affirmative action and attempts made voluntarily in the fight to improve diversity at the work place. Experts puts it that, affirmative actions are generally unaffected by the issue of constitutional that are preferred to us thorny. Some of the thorny constitutional issues are those raised by Michigan University and lawsuits, which plague programs like university admission. It is evident that race is one of the affirmative actions in the United States; here it is true by one of the confessions, G. Jennifer who was allegedly denied admission in one of the universities based on race despite of her qualifications. Considering the issue by Christopher M, with the continual dialogue on the pertinence of affirmative actions in terms of gender race and inequality, it is wise for the affirmative action to have a distinct place (In Defence of Affirmative Action, 1996, p. 25). Here, he also state that it is unpleasant to realize that government-sponsored affirmative actions are concentrated than the corporate affirmative. Nevertheless, it is important to realize that a number of benefits that a company can report from programs on affirmative actions are as follows; a greater innovation and opening the possibilities of perspectives in different manner as well as creativity comes in from more diverse team. Another notable benefit is the forging of customer relations that are comfortable. Therefore, it is pertinent to have a more diverse workforce so that the above goal can be achieved. Serious implementation of affirmative

Jobs and Guides for Counseling Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Jobs and Guides for Counseling - Essay Example Counselors fail to discharge their duties to full fruition and satisfaction as the average number of students assigned to them nationwide is about 477 to 1. This has resulted in the increasing number of school drop outs due to lack of proper guidance and care; very often younger children are not provided sufficient care. The duties of the counselor vary from preparing students to "start thinking about careers, build communication skills and develop healthy attitudes about themselves and their peers" at the elementary school level to assisting "students with study habits, financial aid, college recommendations, class schedules, transitions between grades and high-stakes tests". At times counselors also have to tackle psychological imbalances and disorders associated with teenage pregnancy and love affairs. It is sad to note that the school budgets very often undermine the significance and role of counselors as they give more priority to other areas like "helping children with disabilities and raising achievement in the poorest schools'. The article thus throws light on the fact that the counselors under the present system are unable to establish personal relationships with the students which is the key factor in the counseling process. The role of counselors can never be undermined as they have the capacity to determine the destiny of the nation by molding the personalities of the prospective citizens. Under favorable conditions, counselors can prove themselves to be reformers who can concentrate on the over all growth of the students and help students to see through peer pressure, family problems and other psychological and mental distractions. For this there should be special funding from the part of the government and there should be ample provisions for counseling in the school bu dgets. Besides, counseling to be effective, the proportion of the number of students per counselor should be reduced so that the counselor can have intimate personal contact and relationship with the students. One of the major objectives of counseling in schools is to enable students to choose the best career that suits their innate taste and talents. For this, students need to be trained well to present themselves confidently while attending job interviews. Personal questions that are not strictly job related often make candidates uncomfortable and the article 'Job Hunting These Questions Are Illegal' considers such questions as illegal as they are 'discriminatory'. According to the author, these illegal questions can vary from family details, sexual preference and marriage status, racial and ethnical origins, health, criminal records to physical disabilities. Students should be guided well to handle these circumstances when they go out of the schools and it is the duty of the counselor to instill a feeling of self esteem in the minds of the learners irrespective of his/her family background, ethnic origin or personal health related limitations. They should be taught that they have equal employment opportunity like all other well to do candidates. Both the articles are closely related as they deal with the importance of counseling. The second article is a continuation of the first as it develops one of the areas that the counselors and the employers need to pay attention when it comes to job hunting and selection of candidates. The articles

Paraphrase Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 6

Paraphrase - Essay Example The photoelectric smoke detectors have special features that allow them to be efficient. This encompasses use of an LED lens and a photodiode that is specifically placed to act as a light detector. In the occurrence of a fire, when the particles of smoke rise and enter the photoelectric chamber, the smoke particles distort the light beam and this triggers the alarm. This technique seems technologically enhanced and effective. The mechanism of ionization smoke detectors is however different from that of photoelectric detectors. It utilizes radioactive elements, for instance, americium-241 which can emit radiations through the ionization chambers. The ionization chamber has two electrodes through which the radiations pass causing constant generation of current. The photoelectric smoke detectors are more preferable since they are dependable and less likely to trigger false alarms. In fact, the utilization of radioactive components by the ionization smoke detectors can be injurious to individuals who come close to it since it constantly emits radiations. In contrast, the photoelectric detector alarms are not radioactive and quick ion indicating any signs of smoke, especially in open flame fires. There are two chief requirements for detector placement in residential occupancies. One includes informing the residents on fire prevention, maintenance and escape plans. Secondly, is to ensure full documentation of the installed smoke detector. Finally, few considerations are necessary during the placement of smoke detectors. First, the smoke detector should not be installed in areas such as fireplaces. It should be installed near the cooking areas in the kitchen since it will be prone to indicate false alarms. The non-insulated attic and outside walls are also not good ideas. It can be tricky since the smoke could emanate externally and initiate false alarms when put near windows and

Pricing And Non Pricing Strategies

Pricing And Non Pricing Strategies This paper discusses about business proposal and details the pricing as well as non-pricing strategies. It also details the planning and operating decisions for the existing service that based upon the stage of economy in business cycle. It recommends an appropriate course for the service that based upon the projected credit markets and also evaluates how the current credit market affected the planning of goods and services. This paper recommends the business decisions in order to estimating the international economic conditions. It also concludes with this concept by providing internal economy effects for the planning of goods and services. Recommendation of pricing and non-pricing strategies The pricing strategies were the strategies that encompassed in order to improve the economic stage in the business cycle. The cost plus pricing was the strategy that can calculate the cost of producing goods and services to the business cycle and this strategy have taken the consideration in the case of fixed and variable costs of new good or services in business cycle. The market oriented pricing was also the strategy that can set the price of goods and this price was dependent upon the pricing of competitors. Target pricing was the one that based upon the economic stage in the business cycle for the existing goods or services. The non-pricing strategy occurred when the organization decided to distinguish its products from their competitor products in order to make the quality of service to the services. This strategy was also to maintain the market share without altering price. It included the advertising, service quality and longer opening hours for the exiting goods and services that based upon the stages of economic in business cycle (Mark Hirschey, 2008). Operating decisions for goods or services The operating decisions included the product, price distribution and advertising as well as promotion. The product was the operating decision that created as a result of a process and this product was the combination of tangible or intangible attributes for the existing goods and services that based upon the economic stages. The price was the second operating decision of goods and services in the case of providing the quantity of compensations that was given by one party to another party. In economic stages, the price was expressed in the form of currency. The distribution was the third operating decisions that were the process of making service that available for using consumption and this consumption based upon the economic stage in business cycle. The three types of distributions were intensive distribution, selective distribution and exclusive distribution. The advertising was the best suitable concern for goods and services that informed to the potential customers about services for obtaining them and the promotion included the advertising for the product line. Appropriate course for services The Xerox planning model was the appropriate course of action to make the business decisions on projected economic state in the business cycle. This planning model was based upon the financial simulations for creating the proposed planning alternatives. This Xerox planning model was also computed the financial implications of alternative marketing and production policies under various environmental conditions and generated financial statements for each set of inputs in goods and services. The optimum seeking capability was the form of Xerox planning model that developed for facilitating the selection, evaluation and alternatives of goods and services. This course of action recommended to the marketers in order to illuminate the indicators of forthcoming trends. The results of this course of action were affected by a continuation of macroeconomic trends in the global financial areas. The projected credit markets can get the innovation due to implementation of this course in the case of computing the financial goods and services (Tom Sant, 2012). Current credit market conditions The credit markets conditions could be used to raise the funds through debts issuance and the credit encompassed both investment grade bonds and short term commercial paper. The credit markets offered the bonds, securitized obligations to the goods and services that based upon the stages of economic in business cycle. The current credit markets affected the operating decisions positively by promoting the product, pricing, distribution as well as advertising to global marketing. The planning or the operating decisions of services were established by the current credit marketing conditions. This credit marketing increased the facilities to get more profit for services by the protection of good credit marketing reputation. It was used to increase the quality of operating decisions for getting more service opportunities in business cycle. The special function of planning could be served by the current credit marketing conditions in order to increasing the morale value of goods or services that based upon the stages of economics in business cycle. Business decisions Utilization of variety of sources for collection of data The business decisions were based upon the primary as well as secondary sources that could make the services effectively in order to enter into the business cycle. The primary sources included the survey methodology, sampling methods for the projected economic stages. The secondary resources included the internet research, published data and product data for the collection of data. This business was to store the information, protect the ethical issues. Understand a range of techniques to analyze the data This was also the effective business decision in order to analyze the data for making the business purposes effectively. This business decision represented the value of mean, median and mode for making the valid conclusion for the goods or services. The standard deviation of this data analysis was used in the case of measuring the dispersion. The business values were dependent upon this range of techniques in order to analyze the business data effectively. Effects of international economy The international economy was having influences on the business planning or operating decisions positively. The international economy provided the power and authority to business planning or operating decisions. The business planning could also be implemented by the effect of international economy and also this economy provided the contribution in the case of enhancing the business goods and services. The business goods and services could be reached into the global market due to the impact of international economy. The challenging influences could also mitigated by the effects of international economy thatà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s why operating decisions of business will be protected effectively. The business goods and services has benefited with the attainment of cheap labour, technology as well as capital and this effect had promoted the planning and operating decisions for the better enhancement of business goods and services. The business growth was also based upon the arrival of international economy thatà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s why this economy influenced on business planning positively. Additional recommendations for economic conditions Determine the pricing strategy to meet organizational goals This was the recommendation in order to ensure the organization smoothly and this recommendation was based upon the economic conditions. The utilization of cost pricing was essential to the organizational products and services. This strategy recommendation could set the price at the production cost of company that included the fixed cost at the current volume, cost of goods and certain margin profits. The pricing strategy was used to determine the product at lower prices and this recommendation was established in the case of addressing the new strategies for the development of organizational products and services. This recommendation also allowed the organization to capture the new clients in the market for building the image for the new products thatà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s why the implementation of pricing strategies was essential for an organization. Conclusion The concepts of business proposal and pricing as well as non-pricing strategies were discussed. The operating decisions of organizational services were detailed and the recommendations of appropriate course for projected credit markets were described. The conditions of current credit market on organizational goods and the recommendations of business decisions were examined. The influence of international economy on organizational products and the additional recommendations for the organizational improvement were concluded.

Niccolo Machiavellis The Prince Essay -- Machiaveli Prince Power Essa

Niccolo Machiavelli's The Prince Niccolo Machiavelli's The Prince examines the nature of power and his views of power are still somewhat in existence today. I'll discuss this in this essay, emphasizing the following theses. Machiavelli discusses power over the people, dictatorial power, and power with people, shared power. While it is possible for power with to attain greater prevalence in society, it will not completely eliminate power over. In The Prince, Machiavelli discusses two distinct groups of people, the political elite, including nobles and other princes, and the general public. Today in the United States, the first group, the political elite, includes political leaders, religious leaders, business leaders and the leaders of strong lobbying groups. The composition of the general public has changed little from Machiavelli's time. Machiavelli concentrates on relations between the prince and the political elite. He claims that ambition and dictatorial power drive most nobles and princes. A prince must act with dictatorial power in order to maintain his position. Machiavelli assumes that shared power will not be effective with nobles, since "whether men bear affection depends on themselves, but whether they are afraid will depend on what the ruler does" (Machiavelli, p.60-61). Since the nobles are unforgiving and greedy it would be dangerous if not downright suicidal for a prince to rely on their good will. Equally important, Machiavelli states that a prince, a political leader, has different concerns than the general public. For a prince personal actions, which would be considered immoral or unvirtuous, may save lives or help the prince's country. In this way a prince is not immoral, but instead acts with a morality different in nature from the general public. Machiavelli gives several examples of this. Miserliness is considered a fault. Yet, a miserly prince "will come to be considered more generous when it is realized that his revenues are sufficient to defend himself against enemies that attack him, and to undertake campaigns without imposing special taxes on the people" (p.56). Likewise, starting a war is considered an immoral act by many. Yet, a prince should not allow troubles "to develop in order to avoid fighting a war for wars can not really be avoided, but are merely postponed to the advantage of others" (p.11). Avoiding war may ... ... the ugly political process preceding the results has overshadowed positive results like a lower deficit and improved economy. Clinton is neither feared nor loved by his political opposition, making it difficult for him to produce results without great struggles. The one result remembered by many is that Clinton raised taxes, taking away their property. Thus, Clinton has had difficulty with both appearances and results. One might say that in addition to power, a prince in relations needs political skill with the public. For a politician weaving a good story of one's accomplishments is more important than the accomplishments themselves. Machiavelli's idea of power and how it should be handles as he describes in The Prince can still be used to examine the present. While it's possible to see only the negative uses of power, one can also see the potential for power to promote the common good. Machiavelli would argue that attending to the common good is in a prince's best interests, since it gains the support of the people, something more valuable than any fortress or other expression of power. Works Cited: Machiavelli, Niccolo. The Prince. England: Penguin Classics, 1981.

Political Family

Chapter 1 Introduction to the Study Chapter 1 covers five parts: (1) Background and Theoretical Framework of the Study, (2) Statement of the Problem, (3) Significance of the Study, (4) Definition of Terms, and (5) Delimitation of the Study Part 1, Background and Theoretical Framework of the Study, presents the rationale for the choice of the problem. Part 2, Statement of the Problem, describes the major and specific questions that this study will seek to answer. Part 3, Significance of the Study, cites the benefits that could be derived from the findings of the study.Part 4, Definition of Terms, presents the conceptual and operational definitions of the key terms that will be used in the study. Part 5, Delimitation of the Study, specifies the scope of the study with regards to the variables, the participants, and the instruments that will be used to gather data. Background and Theoretical Framework of the Study â€Å"The family is the strongest unit of society, demanding the deepest loyalties of the individual and coloring all social activity with its own set of demands. † Jean Grossholtz (1964, 86-87) In the Third World, the elite family has long been a leading actor in the unfolding of the national pageant.More, specifically in the Philippines, elite families can be seen as both object and subject of history, shaping and being shaped by the processes of change. These families have provided a strong element of continuity to the country’s economic and political history over the century past (McCoy 1994, 1). In 1950s Robert Fox (1959, 6) described the Philippines as â€Å"an anarchy of families,† in which the Philippine political parties usually have acted as coalitions of powerful families. The rise of powerful political families was attributed to the Republic’s emergence as a weak, postcolonial state (McCoy 1994, 10-11).According to McCoy (1994, 13), after Spain and United States colonial rule, the Republic thus developed as a state with both substantial economic resources and weak bureaucratic capacity. It is this paradoxical pairing of wealth and weakness that opened the state to predatory rent seeking by politicians. Based on Migdal’s research (1988, 9) on Third World politics, he finds that the source of the state’s weakness—the social organizations such as â€Å"families, clans†¦tribes, patron-client dyads† continue to act as competing sources of authority.Despite the apparent influence and significant factor of the family upon wider society and its politics, most historians, both Filipino and foreign, have ignored this problem. According to Schneider (1969, 109-110), instead of studying and analyzing the Philippine political history through the paradigm of elite families, they have generally treated Philippine past and politics solely through as an interaction of state, private institutions, and popular movements.Even social scientists, despite an obligatory bow in the di rection of the family, have generally failed to incorporate substantive analysis of its dynamics into rendering of the country’s social and political processes. Social science as often happens in the study of the Philippines thus diverges from social reality, according to Alfred W. McCoy (1994, 1). At present, there is still a lacking scholarly analysis of either individual Filipino families or family-based oligarchies.While other Southeast Asian societies have produced some useful biographies and autobiographies, the Southeast Asian regions still have little nondynastic family history that can serve as a model for future Philippine research (McCoy 1994, 2). One of the provinces in the Philippines that have no study about family-based politics is Aklan. The Province of Aklan is located in the Northeast portion of Panay Island. It was the oldest province in the Philippines organized in 1213 by settlers from Borneo as the â€Å"Minuro it Akean. In 1565 Miguel Lopez de Legaspi landed in Aklan, and divided the â€Å"Minuro it Akean† five encomiendas which he distributed among his farming followers. Along with political change, the Spaniards introduced Christianity. In 1716, the area of the â€Å"Minuro it Akean† was designated as a province but it was called Capiz. After the Americans took the country from Spain in 1901, Don Natalio B. Acevedo, Aklan delegation head, presented the first memorial for the separation of Aklan from Capiz to the Junta Magna headed by Commissioner Dean C. Worcester.For the same purpose, the Aklanons in Congress filed numerous bills, including Urquiola-Alba bill in 1920, the Laserna-Suner bills in 1925 and 1930, and the Tumbokon bill in 1934. Aklan finally became an independent province when President Magsaysay signed into law the Republic Act 1414 on April 25, 1956. This was made through the efforts of Congressman Godofredo P. Ramos, and then the province was inaugurated on November 8, 1956. (Aklan Directory 2011, http://www. aklandirectory. com/aklan/, ret. 9/16/2012) Political families thrive in all but one province in the Philippines.From Batanes to Tawi-tawi, with the exception of Kalinga, members of political families hold public posts, both elective and appointive. GMA News Research has identified at least 219 political families that dominate the country’s political landscape. (2011, http;//www. gmanetwork. com, ret 9/30/2012) Like these provinces, Aklan’s history is also filled with family-based politics. In order to better understand the present political situations, studying the political history of Aklan in the lens of the familial perspective can led to discover new dimensions in our national history.The history of a political family in a particular province can be a microcosm of the kind of politics that happens in the Philippines. Thus, this study offers this perspective and understanding. Statement of the Problem This study is conducted to find out the political hi story of Aklan, through the case study in historical method of a selected political family in the province. Unlike Latin America, much more of the Philippine social research treated the country’s political history through its formal institutional structures rather than on the importance of the family and family history.However, it can be seen that in the works of several theorists and researchers like Wolf, Grossholtz, Kuznesof, Freyre, and Schneider, political families in the Philippines and around the world are found to have a more dominant force in shaping the society’s history including political, social, and economic institutions. Specifically, this study will seek to answer the following questions: 1. How the political family in Aklan emerged? 2. How do they maintain their influence in the province? 3. What are the family’s political practices to retain power? Significance of the StudyThis qualitative research may be significant primarily to historians in analyzing the centrality of family-based politics to many periods and problems in the Philippine history. For social scientists, this study will help them delve the roles of family as a primary unit of political organization; and will serve as a model for future Philippine research. For political science students, the findings of this study will help them understand the influence of political families on the course of Philippine politics. This study will also help politicians to formulate political strategies and practices based on the history of a political family.Lastly, this study can be added as a significant literature on the political history of Aklan; as well as, it can provide meaningful information for other related literatures. Definition of terms For the purpose of achieving clarity of meaning and interpretation, the following terms were defined. The Case study approach as an empirical inquiry investigates a contemporary phenomenon within its real-life context. (Yin 1984, 24) The Historical method comprises the techniques and guidelines by which historians use primary sources and other evidence to research and then to write histories in the form of accounts of the past. (2012, http://en. ikipedia. org/w/index. php, ret. 9/30/2012) A  political family  is a  family  in which several members are involved in  politics, particularly  electoral politics. Members may be related by blood or marriage; often several  generations  or multiple  siblings  may be involved. (2012, http://en. wikipedia. org/w/index. php, ret. 9/30/2012) The Province of Aklan  is located in the Northeast portion of Panay Island, and has a total land area of 1, 817. 9 km? which is composed of 17 municipalities. It has a total population of 495, 122 (NSO 2007 census), and Kalibo is the capital town. (Aklan Directory  2011, http://www. aklandirectory. om/aklan/, ret. 9/30/2012) Delimitation of the Study This study will be conducted during the first semester of the school year 2012-2013 until the second semester of the school year 2013-2014. This will be conducted among a purposively selected political family in the Province of Aklan. The case study in historical method will be used in this study to investigate the political history of the Province of Aklan. The researchers in order to collect detailed data needed in this study will employ participant observations, key informant interviews, directly interview the participants, and examine relevant records, documents, and reports.Chapter 2 Review of Related Literature Chapter 2 includes previous studies on political families which are divided into the International Context, the Philippine Context, and the Visayan Context. The International Context includes the previous studies on family-based politics and the history of elite political families around the world. The Philippine Context includes studies about the Filipino family and Philippines as a weak, postcolonial state that led to the em ergence of political families. The Visayan Context includes case studies of two political families in the Visayas — the Lopez family and the Osmena family.Political Families The International Context In almost any country in the world, there are always leading political elite families that exist. A significant number of these families can be traced in United States, Brazil, and Mexico. In the United States, the well-known Adams Family of Massachusetts has been the subject of much autobiographical and biographical research. Meanwhile, the Pessoa family is popular as leading actors in Brazilian politics, and the Sanchez-Navarros’ family of Mexico is known for both wealth and power.For several decades, Latin American historians have used detailed microstudies of elite families to discover new dimensions in their national histories. As Gilberto Freyre (1964, 155 and 161), a pioneer in this field, once argued, anyone studying a people’s past will find that historical constants are more significant than ostensibly heroic episodes and will discover that what happens within the family is far more important than often-cited events in presidential mansions, in parliaments and large factories. Applying this perspective toBrazil, Freyre found that Brazil’s most distinctive elite families emerged in the sugar districts of the northeast during the sixteenth century- fusing land, sugar, and slaves to become patriarchs of â€Å"untrammelled power† or unlimited power and â€Å"total fiat† or absolute decree. Arguing that the patriarchal family still exerts a subtle influence on the â€Å"the ethos of contemporary Brazilians,† Freyre cites the case of President Epitacio Pessoa who in the early decades of this century was known as â€Å"Tio Pita† (Uncle Pita) in recognition of his penchant for appointing male relations to key government posts.Another historian, Linda Lewin (1979, 263) has produced some of the most refined h istoriographic reflections on the connection between familial and national history in her writing on the Pessoa family of Paraiba State in Brazil. By the late 1970s the field of family history was so well developed in Latin America that another Brazilian historian Linda Lewin (1979, 263) stated that the â€Å"family-based† approach to the political history as a â€Å"commonplace in Brazilian history. Many historians had already employed the family historiography as an approach in discovering different dimensions of Brazilian political history thus making it popular around Latin America. Similarly, an essay by Felstiner (1976, 58) on the role of kinship politics in Chile’s independence movement began with the words â€Å"the importance of the family in Latin America goes unquestioned. † Many historical documents show that the leading elite families in Chile, such as the O’Higgins family, started the movements for independence against the Spanish colonizer s.A decade later, Latin American historians were still unanimous in their belief that the elite family played a uniquely important political role in their region. Introducing eight essays, Elizabeth Kuznesof and Robert Oppenheimer (1985, 215) observed that the family in Latin America is found to have been a more central and active force in shaping political, social, and economic institutions of the area than was true in Europe or United States. Indeed, they found that institutions in Latin America society make much more social sense, particularly in the nineteenth century, if viewed through the lens of family relationships.As democracy flourished in the young Latin America, elite families engaged in the political arena and started to stabilize political institutions, such as the electoral system and civil society. Charles H. Harris, a historian, (1975, 314) stated that the Sanchez-Navarros’ family is one of the oldest and most influential families of Spanish descent in Mexico since 1577. The Sanchez Navarro family's â€Å"latifundio† or an estate composed of two or more haciendas  is composed of seventeen haciendas and covers more than 16. 5 million acres—the size of West Virginia.It is said to be the largest  Ã¢â‚¬Å"latifundio† ever to have existed, not only in Mexico but also in all of Latin America. In Harris’ discussion of the acquisition of land, the technology of ranching, labor problems, and production on the Sanchez Navarro estate, and of the family's involvement in commerce and politics, he finds that the development of the  Ã¢â‚¬Å"latifundio†Ã‚  was only one aspect in the Sanchez Navarros' rise to power. He also emphasizes the great importance of the Sanchez Navarros' widespread network of family connections in their commercial and political activities.Reflecting their rich historical traditions, America have also produced impressive family histories. Political families are not a new concept in the United States. The Adams family of Massachusetts, for example, has been the subject of autobiographical and biographical research. (Musto 1981, 40-58) The  Adams political family  is one of the most prominent political families in United States history, originating in Massachusetts and having a profound impact on the development of the nation's path from the 18th century and onwards.The family has produced numerous important New England politicians as well as two Presidents – John Adams (1797-1801) and George Adams (1851-1861) but also several ambassadors and literary figures. The children and grandchildren of the Adams family were raised with the idea that public service was expected of you. (2011, http://seattletimes. com/html/nationworld/2004164299_dynasty05. html, ret. 10/10/2012) Similarly, like other developed and developing countries around the globe, the history of Philippines is also shaped by elite families that play leading roles in the control and influence on insti tutions of the government.The Philippine Context The political families are the actors that have played in the political landscape of the Philippines and have shaped the outcome of the past and are engaged in shaping the future of the Philippines. The Philippine history should not only be viewed as the interaction of different institution of society such as the state, civil societies, the Roman Catholic Church, and the different popular movements. Instead, we should also dissect its political history through the paradigm of elite families.The importance of family-society relationship in the Philippines based on Jean Grossholtz’s description (1964, 86-870, â€Å"the strongest unit of society demanding the deepest loyalties of the individual and coloring all social activity with its own set of demands. † He then remarked that the communal values of family are often in conflict with the impersonal values of the institutions of the larger society. Many Filipino historians have been critical, and they generally disregarded the leading families and provincial elites in the Philippines on ideological grounds.Nationalistic historians have dismissed the country’s elites for being traitors and conformists to the colonizers. Teodoro Agoncillo (1960, 644-645), one the most famous historian in Philippine history, remarked that the ilustrados have betrayed the revolution. Renato Constantino (1975, 232), a contemporary of Agoncillo, called the same elites as collaborators. According to the founder of the Communist Party of the Philippines, Jose Maria Sison, the country’s elites were a small alien element – either rural feudal landholders or urban, comprador bourgeoisie as cited by Guerrero (1979, 234-249).According to McCoy (1994, 4), most Filipino biographies, the potential building blocks for elite-family studies, are more hagiography (idolizing biography) than history. Many of these biographies are funded by the family or the person that is the subject of these biographies. Biographers write as if death has cleansed what misdeeds their subject has done in society. Such accounts, McCoy added, are exoneration from the charges of their enemies, silence about their cunning or corruptions, and a celebration of their contribution to the nation.McCoy commented that the weak state and powerful political oligarchies have combined to make a familial perspective on national history relevant. The Philippines has a long history of strong families assuring social survival when the nation-state is weak. In the 20th century, the state has collapsed, partially or wholly, at least four times in the midst of war and revolution. After independence in 1946, moreover, the Philippine central government lost control over the countryside to regional politicians, some so powerful that they become known as warlords.In Philippine politics a family name is a valuable asset. A good name translates strongly to an advantage in polling. Believing that an established name carries cachet and qualification, parties often favor a promising scion of an old line when selecting candidates. Many Filipino politicians use their kinship networks (McCoy 1993, 10), to assure their ascension to power. A kinship network is a working coalition drawn from a larger group related by blood, marriage, and ritual.As elite families bring such a flexible kinship ties into the political arena, elections often assume a kaleidoscopic complexity of coalition and conflict, making Filipino politics appear volatile. It has a unique capacity to create informal political team that assigns specialized roles to its members, thereby maximizing coordination and influence. The Visayan Context Most of the well-known political families in the Philippines have political roots in their home provinces. Whether in the provinces of Luzon, Visayas, or Mindanao, there would always be certain political families that would dominate the political arena.The Lopez Family In A lfred McCoy’s essay (1994, 429-517) â€Å"Rent-Seeking Families and the Philippine State: A History of the Lopez Family† illustrates the close connection between state power and the private wealth by elite families in the Philippines. He says that in the Philippine setting, the study of a single rent-seeking family may be the most appropriate way of bridging the gap between western economic theory and the Filipino familial paradigm. Among the leading Filipino families, the Lopezes are, by virtue of their history, well suited for such a case study.Seeking knowledge of the family’s origins and early character, McCoy’s essay begins in the 1870s when the Lopezes enter the historical record as pioneer sugar planters on the plantation frontier of Negros Island. But early on 1850s, they already first appeared to be local merchants. Basilio Lopez served as one of Jaro’s cabeza-de barangay and later as a gobernadorcillo. The growth of their political and co mmercial influence paralleled the emergence of national political elite (McCoy 1994, 440-441).While the second generation consolidated property and position within a regional planter elite, their children made a successful transition to sugar milling and commerce during the 1920’s. In the five generations of the Lopezes it has a history of both skillful male and female entrepreneurs and politicians (McCoy 1994, 441-444). However, among the family’s twenty-six hundred descendants, it was Eugenio and Fernando Lopez, who initially raised the family’s position to first rank of national prominence. Backed by Eugenio’s growing wealth, Fernando Lopez was appointed as a mayor of Iloilo City for two years in September 1945.He quickly secured overall leadership of the province, relegating Jose Zulueta, his ally, to the position of perennial challenger. His career as provincial politician involved the using violence to advance their interests. In 1946 the Lopezes sh ifted their capital and residence to Manila. They traded in influence and avoided violence. No longer rooted in the land or dependent upon the social power of the provinces, the Lopezes came to depend upon the state, through the medium of presidency, for the financial and regulatory concessions that would assure the prosperity of their corporations.With the Lopez brothers’ relations with a succession of Philippine presidents, they prospered under the administration of their allies from their patron Quezon, Sergio Osme? a, Elpidio Quirino, and Manuel Roxas. In 1947, he was elected to the Senate. In 1965, the presidential candidate was Ferdinand Marcos. Fernando Lopez, despite his presidential aspirations, became Marcos' vice-presidential running mate, creating a ticket that married private wealth to populist appeal. The Lopez alliance with Marcos was a strategic blunder born of tactical necessity.To insure the defeat of incumbent President Macapagal, the Lopezes had felt compe lled to ally themselves with Marcos. Eugenio Lopez used his money, media, and machine to make Marcos president in 1965 elections. Not long after, Eugenio Lopez launched a major expansion and diversification program at Meralco. Again, with the Lopez support Marcos was reelected in 1969. In January 1971, however, a break occurred, which erupted into what may be the most public and vitriolic split in the Philippine political history.According to Marcos, the Lopezes were demanding concessions to advance their interests. According to the Lopezes, Marcos was demanding shares in their family corporations. Using the Manila Chronicle, the Lopezes began an attack, publishing exposes of graft within the administration. When a delegation of Tondo workers called upon the president at the battle’s peak, Marcos vowed: â€Å"we will crush the Lopez oligarchy to pieces. † After suffering five months of media criticism, Marcos finally sued for peace by paying a call on Eugenio at his Pa ranaque residence (McCoy 1994, 508).Sixteen months later in Marcos’s declaration of martial law, the Lopez family became the main target of his â€Å"revolution from above. † He used the same licensing powers that had built the Lopez wealth to destroy the family’s fortune and transfer their assets to a new economic elite composed of his own kin. Paul Hutchcroft (1991, 414-450), a political scientist said that, â€Å"using the state and its army, Marcos became the first president since Quezon to reduce the autonomy of provincial elites.He employed economic regulations, backed by threat of force, to pursue the main aim of his rule-changing the composition of the country’s economic elite. In Negros Occidental, for example, Marcos created a new stratum of supralocal leaders whom he financed with rents. On July 1975, Eugenio Lopez died of cancer in San Francisco while Geny Lopez remained in prison on capital charges. In the end, Marcos did not destroy the Lop ez family’s accumulated legitimacy, contacts, and skills (McCoy 1994, 518). Marcos’s fall from power in 1986 heralded the restoration of the Lopez fortunes.In the restoration of the family’s fortunes under President Aquino, it is argued that Eugenio Lopez succeeded in handing down enough of his capital and skills to perpetuate his family’s position within the national economic elite. In his essay, McCoy (1994, 431) explains the role of rents for it has a good deal about the weakness of the Philippines and the corresponding strength of Filipino political families. As defined by James Buchanan (1980, 7-8) rents appear when the state uses regulation to restrict â€Å"freedom of entry† into the market.If these restrictions create a monopoly, the economic consequences are decidedly negative—slowing growth and enriching a few favoured entrepreneurs. Competition for such monopolies, a political process called â€Å"rent-seeking,† can produce intense conflict. Anne Krueger (1980, 52-57) has argued that in many Third World countries rents are â€Å"pervasive facts of life. † In India such restricted economic activity accounted for 7. 3% of their national income in 1964, while in Turkey rents from import licenses alone represented about 15 percent of the gross national product in 1968.In the Philippines, political economists have applied this theory to explain how the Palace’s rent-seeking courtiers after Marcos era used state power to plunder the country. Manuel Montes (1989, 84-148), a Filipino economist, argues that â€Å"the economic structure of the country stimulates, encourages, and provides the greatest rewards to ‘rent-seeking’ activities. † As evidence for this provocative reconceptualization of rent-seeking, Montes offers his readers a superficial catalogue of businessmen who have served regimes from Quezon to Marcos. In the presidency of Manuel Roxas,† says Montes in a t ypical passage, â€Å"Soriano, Eugenio Lopez†¦ and Jose Yulo were influential businessmen. † The story of Eugenio Lopez illustrates that for over thirty years, he had used presidential patronage to secure subsidized government financing and dominate state-regulated industries, thereby amassing the largest private fortune in the Philippines (McCoy 1993, 429-430). In the Philippines, the succession of presidents has played partisan politics with the state’s economic powers, awarding loans and creating rents to reward the political brokers who assured their election.Underlying the executive’s partisan use of state power are political elites who fuse public office with private business. For the elites to justify the high risk of campaign investments, public office must promise extraordinary rewards. More than any other entrepreneur of the Republican era, Eugenio Lopez, Sr. , mastered the logic of political investment. The Lopez brothers, being the most successf ul rent-seekers, formed corporate conglomerates that relied in some way upon the state licenses.Since all of their major corporations were in some sense due to rent system, their commercial success involved a commingling of business and politics. Such a system leaves an ambiguous legacy (McCoy 1993, 435-437). Not only in Western Visayas had leading political families emerged as national actors but also a significant number are found in Central Visayas. The Osmena Family Another political family that has long dominated the political landscape of the Philippines for many years since the beginning of the 20th century is the Osmena family of Cebu.The Osmenas rose to prominence when Sergio Osmena, Sr. was elected governor of the Province of Cebu and then as Speaker of the Philippine National Assembly during the American colonial period. He was eclipsed only in power by the political maneuverings that Quezon made to overpowering him in the National Assembly and capturing the post as the P resident of the Philippine Commonwealth in 1935. After World War II, Sergio Osmena, Sr. went back to the Philippines as President to establish his control as head of the government in the Philippine archipelago.Osmena’s son, Serging, later became the governor of Cebu and candidate for the Presidency in the 1969 election against Ferdinand Marcos. The present generation of Osmenas is still politically active in Cebu and in national politics. The Osmenas dominated the political world of Cebu not through the usual guns, goons, and gold that are usually used by their political rival like the Sottos, Cuencas,and Duranos. The Osmenas dominated the provincial politics of Cebu because they are highly skilled in the craft of politics. (Resil, 1993, p. 316) They are wealthy, but their wealth do not equate for their capacity to coerce people to vote for them.They use their wealth skillfully, by using it for political gains. They are not as rich as their opponents who have huge haciendas but they show their prowess as politicians during elections. Elections are an exercise deeply inscribed in the Filipino political imagination. Theoretically, an election provides the occasion for society to take cognizance to itself. This is the time when citizens are most self-conscious, a season of stock-taking, when voters reflect on their collective state and history and make choices about leaders, policies, and â€Å"futures†.The â€Å"democratic space† or surface that allows an unlimited range for diverse values and commitments is most visible in incumbents submitting themselves for popular judgement and candidates presenting ideas of government, in the public exchange of contrary views, and, finally, in the voter weighing his or her options and casting a ballot in the ritual’s inner sanctum, the polling booth. (Mojares 1993, 319) The reality of Philippine politics is not tidy. Intensive exploitation of mass media and propaganda techniques crowd public spa ce during the electoral season.There are restrictions of thought and action; however, beneath the diversity and dynamism of election, these restrictions, according to Mojares (1993, 319), are an underdeveloped party system, elite dominance and ideological sameness of candidates, exclusion of those who fail to muster the considerable resources needed to mount a campaign, the subordination of issues to particularistic concerns, elaborate forms of terrorism and fraud, and the cultural baggage of traditional values of power and dependence.Elections, therefore, do not constitute a free field but are in fact, an arena in which the existing limits on participation are further exercised and enforced. In Philippine elections we have a case in which the elite or dominant class usually constructs political reality for citizens. This process may be seen in the centrality accorded to the election itself as field of action and a channel for effecting political change. In elections, obeisance is r endered to the â€Å"state† of the people are constituted or reconstituted as its â€Å"subjects†. In effect, the periodic holding of elections nourishes and renews the government’s system.In the process, it also tends to reify the existing system and deemphasize other areas of political work such as mass organizing, interest-group lobbying, and â€Å"armed struggle. †(Mojares 1993, 320) Elections, by their very nature, provide us with a concentrated expression of the process of ideological domination. This is one area in which Osmena phenomenon is important since the Osmena have built their dominance less on sheer economic power (though the use of such power was basic in their rise) or physical repression (though they were not innocent of its methods) than on their mastery of the instrumental aspects of electoral power building.From this they draw their distinctive character as Filipino kingpins. Skillful management of ideological practices takes precede nce over reliance on superior economic leverage (as in the case of the Lopez family), a system of traditional patronage (as in the Durano Family), a mix of religion and militarism (as in Ali Dimaporo), or systematic electoral fraud as what the Marcoses did. The matter of ideology both as the world of social meanings and the politician’s stance in this world is germane to achieving an understanding of the Osmenas.In electoral contest in Cebu, public discourse has been dominated by conservative politicians. Political speech gravitates around the two poles of personality and issues. The Osmena discourse skillfully combines both personality and issues. Personality is the low mode of discourse and encompasses the verbal abuse, muckraking, vulgar humor, and gossip. Issue is the high mode, consisting of the presentation of government platforms or the qualifications and social ideas of candidates. It is not however a systematic exposition of ideology but a minimalist statement of gen eral and abstract principles and a isting of specific projects. Public discourse on politics is neither wholly open nor free. Control of public channels of communication, elite construction of tradition, selective deployment of languages, and the limits of Philippine language situation-in concert with material conditions that sustain attitudes of political subjection- prosper ideological domination. The Osmenas are masters in the management of politics and are, in fact, the ones who inaugurated in Cebu politics the systematic use of modern mass media for electoral purposes.They are skilful in the selection of messages and the manipulation of symbols so effective in Philippine electoral politics, particularly in the context of the structurally undeveloped urbanism of Cebu. Theirs is an ideology of â€Å"developmentalism† and â€Å"modernity† with its promise of rational management, bureaucratic efficiency and technocratic expertise in the design and execution of public projects. It is a minimalist ideology, however, in its loose aggregation of generalities and particularities and in its avoidance of a systematic critique of structures of social and economic domination.The Osmenas have put their considerable entrepreneurial and organizational skills to good use in their electoral campaigns such as in managing finances, contracting a quality staff for media packaging and opinion surveys, and running an efficient campaign organization. They have a fund of political experience, an organizational network built up through many elections, the support of big business and the persuasive reputation of â€Å"winners. † The Osmenas have defined their electoral campaigns in terms of â€Å"crusades† that use primordial symbols of democracy, autonomy, and progress.More adept than their opponents in ceasing the ideological high ground, the Osmenas have defined political reality in advantageous terms. They appeal to both the past and the future, on o ne hand by resurrecting selective images of the past, and on the other hand, by evoking visions of a modern, progressive future in their campaign speeches. Underlying, the Osmena phenomenon is a practice of conservative politics, one that restricts the distribution of power and constructs the politics as pulitika.According to Reynaldo Ileto (1984, 10), pulitika is the perception of politics as a process of bargaining, with implicit self of factional interest involved. The interaction between the colonial power and its native wards was pulitika. At another level, it refers to the practices by which leaders cultivate ties of personal loyalty and indebtedness to them and simply attract votes. In the Philippines, pulitika is not politics (whether construed broadly as the totality of public or civic life or narrowly as democratic bargaining or consensus building). Rather, it is that field of politics largely constructed and dominated by the elites.It is in this context that families with economic resources and political skills come perpetuate themselves in power. The specific character of the Osmena dominance has been shaped by such factors as the American ethos of rational government, the personality, and temper of the Osmenas themselves, their belief in the electoral system and the characteristics of the region in which they have founded their beliefs. To a significant extent, the Osmenas are not only instrumentalists but true believers in the precepts of liberal democracy and free enterprise.Theirs, however, is a minimalist ideology subordinated to the exigencies and demands of action in the realm of pulitika. It is also an ideology that mobilizes people around their leadership does not empower them nor seriously address the structural problems of Philippine society. The Osmena dominance has been shaped as well by the practical grosser realities of power maintenance in the Philippines, which require of leaders not only ideological competence but expedience skill s in realpolitik, in the lower-oder devices of lying, bribery, horse trading, and thuggery.Political culture has constructed the families like the Osmenas, for a political family is the sum not just what its members posses or do but of how it is regarded in the community. Politicians like the Osmena’s adjust because of the altered conditions: modifying the rhetoric by adding new messages, revising their campaign style and addressing new issues. By doing so they can appropriate new symbols, coop new leaders, re-establish new borders that keep political action bounded yet pressures from the below will make it increasingly difficult to give new life or maintain the old boundaries.To the extent that these pressures build and are not meaningfully confronted, the Osmenas may find that no longer holds sway, that the terms of the struggle have shifted radically, and that the struggle for power is now taking place elsewhere. Synthesis Elite families can be seen as both object and subj ect of history, shaping and being shaped by the processes of change. In many countries all over the world, elite families engaged in politics to gain power and influence, in turn they shape the history of their country. Among these are political families from Brazil, Mexico, and United States.As the family-based approach in history was employed and developed in these countries, the interest to utilize this approach in the history of Southeast Asian countries grew. The Philippines as a weak, postcolonial state became a breeding ground for strong and influential political families that defined the history of the country. The leading family of Cebu, the Osmenas, emerged through the use of their skills in statecraft. The Osmenas have displayed their brilliance in organizing their political machinery and the employment of symbols during elections.Meanwhile, the Lopezeses of Iloilo, started as hacienderos until they became leading national actors and businessmen in 1950s. The great influe nce, wealth, and success of the Lopez brothers until today can be attributed to their rent-seeking activities. Chapter 3 Research Design and Methodology Chapter 3 has four parts: (1) Research Design, (2) Data Sources and Collection, (3) Site and Participant Selection, and (4) Data Treatment Procedures and Analysis Part 1, Research Design, discusses the structure of the study and the research approach to which the study will be anchored.Part 2, Data Sources and Collection, addresses the sources of the data and presents the research method that will be employed. Part 3, Site and Participant Selection, describes the rationale for choosing the setting of the study on how the participants will be collected. Part 4, Data Treatment Procedure and Analysis, details the specific procedures in analyzing the data that will be collected during the study. Research Design This study will follow the principles of the qualitative research.According to Holloway (1997, 2), qualitative research is a fo rm of social inquiry that focuses on the way people interpret and make sense of their experiences and the world in which they live. A number of different approaches exist within the wider framework of this type of research, but most of these have the same aim: to understand the social reality of individuals, groups and cultures. Researchers use qualitative approaches to explore the behavior, perspectives and experiences of the people they study. The basis of qualitative research lies in the interpretive approach to social reality.In line with the research design, the researchers will utilize the case study as the approach for this study. The case study approach (Yin 1980, 2) is a research strategy entailing an empirical investigation of a contemporary phenomenon within its real life context using multiple sources of evidence, and is especially valuable when the boundaries between the phenomenon and context are blurred. RESEARCH DESIGN Experiential Knowledge Preliminary Interviews Li terature Review Preliminary Conceptual Model Observation Interviews Documentary Evidence FindingsRevised & Enhanced Conceptual Model Working Hypotheses Member Checks Final Report Data Sources and Collection Historical method will be used to investigate the political history of Aklan in the lens of familial perspective. Historiography, according to Furay and Salevouris (1979, 223-224) is the study of the way history has been and is written, it is the history of historical writing. In studying historiography, there is no need to study the events of the past directly, but the changing interpretations of those events in the works of individual historians.The researchers in order to collect detailed data needed in this study will employ participant observation. Participant observation (Pearson 1995, 1) refers to a form of sociological research methodology in which the researcher takes on a role in the social situation under observation. The researchers will also directly interview the pa rticipants. Interviews (Lincoln, Y. S. , and Guba 1985, 37) provide very different data from observations: they allow the evaluation team to capture the perspectives of project participants, staff, and others associated with the project.In the hypothetical example, interviews with project staff can provide information on the early stages of the implementation and problems encountered. Key informant interviews will also be conducted. Key informant interviews (Pearson 1995, 1) are qualitative in-depth interviews with people who know what is going on in the community. The purpose of key informant interviews is to collect information from a wide range of people including community leaders, professionals, or residents who have firsthand knowledge about the community. The researchers will also conduct document studies.Existing records often provide insights into a setting and/or group of people that cannot be observed or noted in another way. This information can be found in document form . Lincoln and Guba (1985, 198) defined a document as any written or recorded material not prepared for the purposes of the evaluation or at the request of the inquirer. Documents can be divided into two major categories: public records, and personal documents (Guba and Lincoln 1981, 22). Site and Participant Selection The selection of the setting for this research will be the Province of Aklan.Two reasons were seen necessary for the researchers: first, there are several political families in the Province of Aklan, and second, the province has a rich political history. The participant for this research will be conducted among a purposively selected political family in the Province of Aklan. Data Treatment Procedure and Analysis A case study analysis consists of making a detailed description of the case and its setting. (Creswell 2007, 163) in analyzing the data, the researchers will create an organized file for data.They will then read through texts and make margin notes from its ini tial codes. After organizing and reading the data, the researchers will describe the case and its context. The researchers will then use categorical aggregation to establish themes or patterns. After establishing the themes or patterns, the researchers will use direct interpretation to interpret the case. They will then develop a naturalistic generalization. Lastly, after developing a naturalistic generalization, the researchers will present an in-depth picture of the case or cases using narrative, tables, and figures.