What is the evidence for the Big Bang Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

What is the evidence for the Big Bang - Essay Example The primary focus of the essay is to capture the essence of the Big Bang theory and present to the reader evidence that proves that the Big Bang notwithstanding its flaws is still the most accepted theory that explains the evolution of our Universe. There is both, observational and mathematical evidence that corroborate the validity of the assumptions of the Big Bang Theory. To a curious mind gazing up from down below, the truth about the origin and evolution of the cosmos might still look like the hazy fleeting stars that sit millions of light years away. It was not just the tension-gripped scientists at CERN (European Organization for Nuclear Research) who tried to uncover the mysteries and validate the theories of the origin of the universe with the large hadron collider experiment. From the breakthrough Hubble made to the particle accelerator at CERN, the question of the origin and evolution of the Universe continues to remain pivotal in cosmology and the mind of every human bein g. One theory pertaining to the evolution and origin of the Universe that has emerged as a demigod in cosmology is the Big Bang Theory. Largely accepted, evidenced and validated the Big Bang theory has, for over a century now, been the centre point of almost all experiments and studies pertaining to this topic. The purpose of this paper is to establish the validity of the Big Bang through scientific evidence.... billion years ago, the Universe erupted from a single point of energy, wherein all matter that exists today was condensed in that tiny speck which exploded with an inconceivable force. This force sent outward splattering chunks of the Universe which created billions of galaxies and galactic bodies that exist in our Universe. The essence of the theory, however, is that the Universe has reached its current state by expanding rapidly from an extreme condition of density and temperature and to this day continues to expand and cool. Bound by human imagination and understanding it is difficult to comprehend what the Big Bang must have been like. It could have been nothing like hydrogen explosions today as there was no space or time prior to the Big Bang, in fact, space was created as the singularity expanded and formed the Universe. Rapid cooling caused atoms to form which later clouded together to form galaxies. The theory rests on the cosmological principle that the Universe is homogenou s and isotropic. Vesto Slipher, Lemaitre and Hubble were the founding members of the Big Bang Theory. 2.1. Misconceptions About the Big bang Theory It is commonly believed that there was an explosion that erupted and consequently created the Universe. However, evidence that has been collected and validated over the past century does not exactly prove or disprove this. The Universe can be imagined as a balloon continuously stretching to create space. Another common misconception pointed out by German cosmologist Rudolf Kippenhahn, regarding the theory is the negation of the concept of singularity. It is believed by some that there was a cosmic egg existing in space, however, there was no space or time before the Big Bang and both were in fact created after the Big Bang. Esteemed cosmologist

Organizational Design and Structure Essay Example for Free

Organizational Design and Structure Essay People are interested in great stories of great success. Lincoln Electric uses such practices as Intensive employee involvement (Advisory committee, Suggestions plan); Job security; Compensation (Piece-rate system, Bonuses, Report cards); Points for process improvements; Strong management control; No paid sick days; No paid training. General Electric is committed to equal employment opportunity, a basic of a free society. By continuing to extend equal opportunity and provide fair treatment to all employees on the basis of merit, we will improve GEs success while enhancing the progress of individuals and the communities where our businesses are located. These two companies have different structures. But they are both successful. A narrow span of control consists of only a few employees; a wide span of control includes many employees. The tendency nowadays is to flatten organizations by widening the span of control and decreasing the layers of management (hierarchy), and by relying more on employee teams to take on many of the roles formerly performed only by managers. There is a limit to number of employees any one manager can properly supervise. If a supervisor has a wide span-of-control she is supervising activities of many people. If span-of-control is narrow few subordinates report to her. Wide span-of-control is possible in most assembly line situations where each employee has only a few repetitive tasks to perform. Wide span-of-control is possible in situations where subordinates are highly educated. Narrow span-of-control is advisable when cost of making an error or wrong decision is high. History indicates that a wide span-of-control is more productive in long-run. While different, Gen X and Gen Y have some similarities. Both will demand a more innovative workplace, with flexible hours, state-of-the-art resources, cooperative scheduling and supervisors who listen. One of the reasons Gen X and Y will be so valuable is that there will be a shortage of skilled managers to replace the retiring Traditionalists and Boomers. Developing experienced and skilled young managers will become vital to any organization hoping to compete in the future. The Apprentice. I will advice for women and men to improve the following features: Leadership takes courage and initiative. (Initiative is a critical component of good leadership. ); Self-awareness and self-correcting leadership; High energy. (A great leadership rule: if you want it, model it); No direction (clarity of roles and expectations), protection or order. A successful leader with a new team needs to set the stage for success by facilitating an initial session (order) to determine how the team will work together most effectively to achieve their task or goal. A leader should inspire confidence by creating a safe container (protection) for the team to elicit the highest of collaboration, creativity and effective strategy. All components of organisational design and structure were taken up. Organizational Redesign is structuring an organization, division or department to optimize how it supplies products and services to its clients and customers. The process of organization design matches people, information, and technology to the purpose, vision, and strategy of the organization. Structure is designed to enhance communication and information flow among people. Systems are designed to encourage individual responsibility and decision making. Technology is used to enhance human capabilities to accomplish meaningful work. The end product is an integrated system of people and resources, tailored to the specific direction of the organization.

wireless networking :: essays research papers

There are many reasons why wireless networks are used. One reason is for a temporary backup to an existing broken cable network. Cable networks can leave many users disconnected from the network by one bad or broken cable. When this happens a wireless network may help to get these users connected until they can be reconnected through or repaired cable. This also leads to the usage of wireless networks being used as a backup. It would be much easier to connect the disconnected users to the network if they were already set up with the proper wireless networking software and hardware prior to the problem. Therefore, being used as a backup is very useful especially in buildings where the architecture makes it difficult to find and repair broken cables. Another reason wireless is needed is because there are some places where cables just can not reach. This may be the case in many businesses where cables can not be run across roads, long distances, or to mobile users. With a wireless network these are not obstacles. Wireless networks provide, which was just mentioned as a problem for cable networks, the option of portability. Cell phones, pagers and palm pilots are all items that could not be connected to networks, such as the Internet, if not for wireless networks. Another use of wireless is in areas where cables simply can not be ran or can not be ran without many complications. Historical buildings, for example, make cabling difficult or impossible due to the old architecture where cabling was not anticipated. Busy areas are another reason for wireless. Reception areas, for instance, may have many people in the area all the time so cabling may not be practical. Another need is for people who are on the move. Good examples of this would be doctors or nurses who are going in and out of rooms and taking a lot of information quickly. Palm pilots using infrared technology, which we will discuss later, makes it possible for a doctor to have information about a patient or to find out possible medications all within a few seconds thanks to these devices. Isolated areas provide another need for wireless networks. In this case, there may not be the availability to link to the network through cables. An off ice in Alaska would be a good example of this problem. These are just a few examples of the many possible needs of wireless networks. wireless networking :: essays research papers There are many reasons why wireless networks are used. One reason is for a temporary backup to an existing broken cable network. Cable networks can leave many users disconnected from the network by one bad or broken cable. When this happens a wireless network may help to get these users connected until they can be reconnected through or repaired cable. This also leads to the usage of wireless networks being used as a backup. It would be much easier to connect the disconnected users to the network if they were already set up with the proper wireless networking software and hardware prior to the problem. Therefore, being used as a backup is very useful especially in buildings where the architecture makes it difficult to find and repair broken cables. Another reason wireless is needed is because there are some places where cables just can not reach. This may be the case in many businesses where cables can not be run across roads, long distances, or to mobile users. With a wireless network these are not obstacles. Wireless networks provide, which was just mentioned as a problem for cable networks, the option of portability. Cell phones, pagers and palm pilots are all items that could not be connected to networks, such as the Internet, if not for wireless networks. Another use of wireless is in areas where cables simply can not be ran or can not be ran without many complications. Historical buildings, for example, make cabling difficult or impossible due to the old architecture where cabling was not anticipated. Busy areas are another reason for wireless. Reception areas, for instance, may have many people in the area all the time so cabling may not be practical. Another need is for people who are on the move. Good examples of this would be doctors or nurses who are going in and out of rooms and taking a lot of information quickly. Palm pilots using infrared technology, which we will discuss later, makes it possible for a doctor to have information about a patient or to find out possible medications all within a few seconds thanks to these devices. Isolated areas provide another need for wireless networks. In this case, there may not be the availability to link to the network through cables. An off ice in Alaska would be a good example of this problem. These are just a few examples of the many possible needs of wireless networks.

Toyota: a Glimpse of Leadership, Organizational Leadership, and Organizational Structure

Toyota: A Glimpse of Leadership, Organizational Behavior, and Organizational Structure Courtney Berry Organizational behavior is the study of application of individuals’ behaviors within structured groups within an organization (Robbins & Judge, 2007). The field of study identifies behaviors within specific groups and individuals in organizations and how the structures of organizations play a role in behaviors (Robbins & Judge, 2007). In the past several months, the leading company in the car industry has been experiencing a quality control and consumer product safety issue. Toyota is not only encountering a quality control issue but also a senior management crisis issue. The corporate leadership team of Toyota did not recognize the importance of addressing the consumer safety issue with the sticking accelerator and not to mention the huge public relations blunder that came with it. Does this failure to address a quality control issue and a real senior management public relations issue have anything to do with Toyota’s leadership, organizational behavior, and organizational structure? Leadership, organizational behavior, and organization structure Toyota’s thought on leadership is to empower employees and develop their people. If the employee has not learned a specific task, the leader has not done a good job (Womack & Shook, 2007). Plan, Do, Check, and Action (PDCA) Cycle is something that Toyota implements (Womack & Shook, 2007). This cycle engages employees to question products and processes and implement new action. Senior leadership is also expected to perform this. In fact, senior leadership regularly makes visits to the plant floors to engage with people and help with processes. This type of leadership employs mutual adjustment and interaction from both the employees and leadership. Leadership has much to do with behaviors within an organization. Organizational behavior looks at behaviors on an individual, group, and organizational level and how the levels are interelated. According to Henry Mintzberg, organizational behaviors can be grouped into three primary categories: interpersonal, informational, and decisional (Robbins & Judge, 2003). These behaviors are found at the managerial role but play an mportant and predictive role at determining the behaviors of an organization and its structure. When Toyota led the way in the car industry the organization was firing on all cylinders in their organizational behavior. At the individual level, job satisfaction empowers the employees to make decisions on the line and create effcient processes that lead to high production. At the group level, communication and decisions are made across multiple teams and employees to engineer the highest level of product leadership (Womack & Shook, 2007). The organizational level mirrors the individual and group level that creates a culture of pride within Toyota. This organizational pride creates a culture of employees with a belief that Toyota engineers the best products. Organizational structure is the backbone to the strategy of an organization. It helps carry out new strategies by differing structure designs and parameters in which individuals and groups communicate within organizations (Mintzber, Lampel, Quinn, & Ghoshal, 2003). The car industry typically mirrors the machine organizational structure. The work is highly standardized and is designed to run by a large technostructure to formalize behaviors and actions (Mintzber, et al, 2003). The structure of this design typically limits power at the operator level. This type of horizontal structure ends up not engaging the people at the organization and does not benefit the customer as a whole (Mitzber, et al, 2003). Toyota, while a machine organization, does not place value vertically and rather creates power horizontally. The organization has a history of empowering their operators with knowledge and career paths. Toyota is noted for this. Conclusion Toyota’s leadership and organizational structure does not predicate the failure for senior management to fail to address a quality control and product issue as well as a public relations issue. The organization’s role of interpersonal communication and decisions made both vertically and horizontally within its structure would lend to fix a problem and engineer the best product. All employees are empowered to ask why an accelerator should be engineered with a certain spec and require certain raw materials. The leadership and structure creat high quality product processes. The organizational behavior could have explained the blunder on senior management to fail to address a quality control issue based on the culture. According to Benjamin Heineman, Toyota’s culture of, â€Å"We did it right, the problem is small, the critics are wrong† (paragraph 5, 2010). Toyota’s culture and pride of engineering the best could have predicted this public relations blunder that has striped consumer confidence and may lead to a business failure or a chief executive officer stepping down. References Heineman, B. W. (2010). Flunking Crisis Management 101. The Washington Post. Retrieved from http://views. washingtonpost. com/leadership/panelists/2010/02/crisis-management-recall. html Mintzberg, H. , Lampel, J. , Quinn, J. B. , & Ghoshal, S. (2003). The strategy process: Concepts, contexts, cases (4th ed. ). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall. Robbins, S. P. , & Judge, T. A. (2007). Organizational behavior (12th ed. ). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson Education. Womack, J. P. & Shook, J.. (2007, October). Lean Management and the Role of Lean Leadership [PowerPoint slides]. Retrieved from http://www. lean. org/images/october_webinar_project_slides. PDF.

Envolving Future of Human Resource Management Essay

As newer generations begin to fill management roles at companies, evolving HR practices are positioning HR professionals on the pulse of industry trends–helping them to focus on the idea that employee performance is part of an ongoing evaluation. This evaluation, many experts argue, should be focused on the future and on inspiring people towards demonstrating new ways of attaining goals set by the company. HR consultants around the world are coming to a consensus that a company’s recruitment process needs to be where the innovative conversations and actions are taking place in any given sector. Using technology and proven, up-to-date strategies HR practitioners are better able to analyze what is happening in the marketplace while identifying those individuals who are making the bold and successful moves in industry. How might these factors positively influence of impact the future of HR in general and in the industry which I have selected From large job boards like Indeed to niche job sites, from networking on discussion lists to sites such as LinkedIn, Facebook, and Twitter, networking and recruiting will never be the same again. Human Resources employees have either kept up with the new ways of interacting and communicating or they are doing their organizations a disservice. Social media networking is the new way to find employees, find jobs, get answers to questions, build a wide-spread, mutually supportive network of contacts, and keep track of colleagues and friends. Social media and online recruiting bring the employer new challenges. Developing social media and blogging policies, deciding whether to monitor employee time online, and checking candidate backgrounds online, just scratch the surface of new employer challenges. Social media is an amazing talent management tool. By googling a person’s name ,a company can create a 3-dimential profile of a applicant, learning their interests, skills, personalities and â€Å"real lives† How might these factors negatively influence or impact the future of HR in general and in the industry which I have selected? Some disadvantages of an integrated solution in technology are that it offers minimal customization options. Because of the large scale and integrated nature of such solutions, they can  be prohibitively expensive to customize, or maintain customizations, as new versions of the underlying package are released. It does not necessarily offer the best solutions in each functional area. It is challenging to upgrade, because a change to one function may have dramatic impacts on others. Also, it slows down the introduction of new features and upgrades due to complexity. What might happen if these factors are ignored or not taken seriously in terms of the future of HR in general and in the industry which I have selected. If the HR role in your organization is not transforming itself to align with forward thinking practices, executive leadership must ask HR leaders some tough questions. Today’s organizations cannot afford to have an HR department that fails to contribute to lead modern thinking and contribute to enhanced company profitability. What should organizations do to prepare for the future? In this environment, much of the HR role is transforming. The role of the HR manager, director, or executive must parallel the needs of his or her changing organization. Successful organizations are becoming more adaptive, resilient, quick to change direction and customer-centered. Within this environment, the HR professional, who is considered necessary by managers and executives, is a strategic partner, an employee sponsor or advocate and a change mentor. These roles were recommended and discussed in Human Resource Champions, by Dr. Dave Ulrich, one of the best thinkers and writers in the HR field today, and a professor at the University of Michigan. The HR professionals who understand these roles are leading their organizations in areas such as organization development, strategic utilization of employees to serve business goals, and talent management and development. In today’s organizations, to guarantee their viability and ability to contribute, HR managers need to think of themselves as strategic partners. In this role, the HR person contributes to the development of and the accomplishment of the organization-wide business plan and objectives. The HR business objectives are established to support the attainment of the overall strategic business plan and objectives. The tactical HR representative is deeply knowledgeable about the design of work systems in which people succeed and contribute. This strategic partnership impacts HR services such as the design of work positions; hiring; reward, recognition and  strategic pay; performance development and appraisal systems; career and succession planning; and employee devel opment. When HR professionals are aligned with the business, the personnel component of the organization is thought about as a strategic contributor to business success. To be successful business partners, the HR staff members have to think like business people, know finance and accounting, and be accountable and responsible for cost reductions and the measurement of all HR programs and processes. It’s not enough to ask for a seat at the executive table; HR people will have to prove they have the business savvy necessary to sit there. This decade has brought about the transformation of employee recruiting and social and media interaction and networking. Employers have seen a transformation in how people find each other for networking and jobs this decade. References Bradley, B. (2012) American Cultural History. Lone Star College. Retrieved April 17, 2014, from http://kclibrary.nhmccd.edu/decade50.html. Licht, W. (February 2012). How the workplace has changed in 75 years. U.S. Department of Labor Monthly Labor Review. Retrieved April 16, 2014, from www.bls.gov/opub/mlr/2012/02/art3full.pdf Rubis, L., Mirza, P., Fox, A., Shea, T., & Moss, D. (2013) 10 Changes that Rocked HR. HR Magazine, 13, 50. Biro, Meghan, M. (2013) 7 Hottest Trends in HR Technology Https://www.forbes.com/sites/meghanbiro/2013/10/06/7-hottest-trends-in-hr-technology/

Free Essays on Euro-monetary Transition

The Eurosystem Monetary Transmission Network This issue of the ECB Working Paper Series contains research presented at a conference on â€Å"Monetary Policy Transmission in the Euro Area† held at the European Central Bank on 18 and 19 December 2001. This research was conducted within the Monetary Transmission Network, a group of economists affiliated with the ECB and the National Central Banks of the Eurosystem chaired by Ignazio Angeloni. Anil Kashyap (University of Chicago) acted as external consultant and Benoà ®t Mojon as secretary to the Network. The papers presented at the conference examine the euro area monetary transmission process using different data and methodologies: structural and VAR macro-models for the euro area and the national economies, panel micro data analyses of the investment behaviour of non-financial firms and panel micro data analyses of the behaviour of commercial banks. Contents Abstract 4 Non-technical summary 5 1. Introduction 7 II. A Brief account of some Luxembourg peculiarities 9 III. Theoretical aspects 11 IV. Data, variables and estimation methodology 12 V. Empirical results 21 VI. Concluding remarks 26 VII. References 27 VIII. Appendix 29 European Central Bank Working Paper Series 31 Abstract: This paper investigates the transmission of monetary policy using data from a panel of Luxembourg firms. The results indicate that the sales accelerator may be at work. A very robust result is the negative effect of the user cost of capital on firms’ investment ratio. Changes in user costs are significantly affected by changes in the monetary policy indicator. In addition, firm specific balance sheet characteristics, such as the lagged cash stock to capital ratio influence the investment behaviour according to the broad credit channel theory. Using various sample splits, it is shown that young firms, in particular, are more sensitive to user cost changes, sales growth and ... Free Essays on Euro-monetary Transition Free Essays on Euro-monetary Transition The Eurosystem Monetary Transmission Network This issue of the ECB Working Paper Series contains research presented at a conference on â€Å"Monetary Policy Transmission in the Euro Area† held at the European Central Bank on 18 and 19 December 2001. This research was conducted within the Monetary Transmission Network, a group of economists affiliated with the ECB and the National Central Banks of the Eurosystem chaired by Ignazio Angeloni. Anil Kashyap (University of Chicago) acted as external consultant and Benoà ®t Mojon as secretary to the Network. The papers presented at the conference examine the euro area monetary transmission process using different data and methodologies: structural and VAR macro-models for the euro area and the national economies, panel micro data analyses of the investment behaviour of non-financial firms and panel micro data analyses of the behaviour of commercial banks. Contents Abstract 4 Non-technical summary 5 1. Introduction 7 II. A Brief account of some Luxembourg peculiarities 9 III. Theoretical aspects 11 IV. Data, variables and estimation methodology 12 V. Empirical results 21 VI. Concluding remarks 26 VII. References 27 VIII. Appendix 29 European Central Bank Working Paper Series 31 Abstract: This paper investigates the transmission of monetary policy using data from a panel of Luxembourg firms. The results indicate that the sales accelerator may be at work. A very robust result is the negative effect of the user cost of capital on firms’ investment ratio. Changes in user costs are significantly affected by changes in the monetary policy indicator. In addition, firm specific balance sheet characteristics, such as the lagged cash stock to capital ratio influence the investment behaviour according to the broad credit channel theory. Using various sample splits, it is shown that young firms, in particular, are more sensitive to user cost changes, sales growth and ...

Where the mind is without fear Essays

Where the mind is without fear Essays Where the mind is without fear Essay Where the mind is without fear Essay Where the mind is without fear summary? Answer: It has been more than sixty years since we became independent but yet we are enslaved by fear. A fear that refuses to let go, a fear that has become habitual to us and a fear that dominates our minds. We have the fear of getting lost. So we dont take the risk of venturing out too far. We are afraid of taking the road less traveled. That is why most of the parents want their children to become doctors, engineers or lawyers but not painters, scientists or writers. We sometimes refuse to forsake our comfort zones even though we have an opportunity to make it big. We have the fear of being ridiculed or laughed at. Remember, every new idea is at first ridiculed, then criticized and finally accepted. We never want to try something new. We are free to take risks. What if we fail? What if we dont make it? Professionals had built the Titanic, whereas it was amateurs who built the Noshs ark. Decide for yourself, which fared better. We Indians are afraid of our own culture and traditions. We would all ouch our parents feet at home, but when abroad, in front of foreigners, we would think twice before doing so. We all want to race towards modernity, but how will a person who has forgotten his own traditions get accustomed to a foreign culture? The Yoga buzz took over the world and that is when we began appreciating the science of it, otherwise it would have been buried Just as many other ancient traditions before it. The Karakul system of education in India was one of the finest and was dedicated to the highest ideal of physical, spiritual and mental development. But today education is our biggest worry, as most of our population remains illiterate. We are afraid to question things and accept them as it is. Sitting under the tree, if Newton hadnt questioned as to why the apple fell on his head, we would not have been able to invent the plane. In school, where most of us received our education, we learnt to cram things without delving deep into them. All of us were taught in school that it was Natural Goods who assassinated Mahatma Gandhi, but how many of us questioned as to why he did it? And how many of our school teachers knew the answer. A fool wonders, a wise man asks. Next, we have the fear of taking responsibility. We would rather hide behind other people when the time to accept responsibility comes up. We blame the system, the politicians, the bureaucracy and the corrupt babes. But we overlook the fact as to who made them corrupt. It is we who chose the politicians and it is we who are the system. When returning from office, you blame the infrastructure for the Jam-packed roads. Other Articles by Devise Restaurants Royals win inaugural PILL Medias love for ore wells Was Marina Khan the biggest loser in the Pakistan elections? Gujarat: Indians industrial hub Heartwarming story of a Caddie-turned-Golfer more >> But as the Lead India campaign says, You are really never part of a traffic Jam, you are the traffic Jam. Lastly, we are ashamed of being called Indians though we all are. When some of us go to chat online as anonymous users, we would choose to say we are from Canada or California but not from Kola. We would pass out of Its (Indian Institutes of Technology) and alms (Indian Institutes of Management) and receive rimier league players by heart, but we wouldnt know any Indian Hockey player apart from maybe Danna Pillar. Fear is a temporary state of the mind and can be overcome by positive thinking. We Indians would have to let go off all these fears and take off. Only those who risk going far can find out how far one can go. Fear is the main source of superstition, and one of the main sources of cruelty. To conquer fear is the beginning of wisdom. And once that fear is conquered, our mind could be led into ever widening thought and action, into that heaven of freedom.

Halloween Vocabulary in Spanish

Halloween Vocabulary in Spanish Are you celebrating Halloween? With this vocabulary list, you can do it in Spanish. la araà ±a - spider. la bruja - witch. Much like the English word, bruja can also be used to refer to a strongly disliked woman. el brujo - wizard, sorcerer. la calabaza - pumpkin. This word can also refer to various kinds of gourds, such as a calabash. la casa embrujada - haunted house. Embrujado is the past participle of embrujar, usually translated as to bewitch. el diablo - devil. The English and Spanish words come from the same Latin source. Note the similarity with diabolical. el disfraz - costume or disguise. el duende - goblin. The word can refer to various kinds of magical creatures such as elves and imps. A person who has a certain kind of magic or charm about him or her can be said to tener duende. los dulces, los caramelos - candy. As an adjective, dulce is simply the word for sweet. And while caramelo can refer to caramel, it most often refers to candies in general. Caramelo is probably related to miel, the word for honey. el esqueleto - skeleton. el fantasma - ghost. Like most other words of Greek origin that end in -ma, fantasma is masculine, making an exception to the rule that nouns ending in -a are typically feminine. el gato negro - black cat. el hechizo - spell (as from a witch). The word can also refer to a persons charm. The verb form, meaning to cast a spell, is hechizar. la jack-o-lantern - jack-o-lantern. The decoration can also be described as a calabaza iluminada, lighted pumpkin. la magia - magic. Something magical is mgico. la mscara - mask. This is the source of the English mascara. la momia - mummy. The English and Spanish come from an Arabic word referring to an embalmed body. el murcià ©lago - bat (the animal that flies). This word is derived from the Latin mouse (rat) and caecus (blind), so its original meaning was blind mouse. Noche de Brujas - Halloween. The phrase literally translates as Witches Night, and Dà ­a de Brujas, Witches Day, is also used. It also is very common in the United States and some other areas with U.S. influence to use Halloween. el superhà ©roe, la superheroà ­na - superhero. In modern usage, it is not unusual to hear  the form la superhà ©roe  for a female superhero. la telaraà ±a - cobweb, spider web. This is a combination of two words, tela, usually referring to fabric, and araà ±a, the word for spider. In a different context, telaraà ±a can also refer to a net (such as one for catching fish) or a tangle of cables, strings or similar items. truco o trato - trick or treat. The English phrase is often used as well. Truco is often translated as trick, such as a trick of the trade or a magic trick. Trato, on the other hand, normally is a contract or agreement. It doesnt mean treat, although it can mean treatment when it refers to the way someone treats someone else. el vampiro, la vampira - vampire. The word probably came from Hungarian. el/la zombi - zombie. The English spelling is sometimes used.

Business Legal Environmen(230) Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Business Legal Environmen(230) - Essay Example As such to the disadvantages will now be discussed. The first of these is with regards to the fact that the sole proprietorship is very unlikely to garner any number of investors. This is due to the fact that investors are ultimately leery of investing in the business venture whose decision-making structure and ownership is all concentric upon single individual. Similarly, a secondary drawback is concentric upon the strength that has already been listed; the fact that all responsibilities and business decisions necessarily fall upon the shoulders of the sole proprietor. As such, sole proprietorship oftentimes places an undue level of stress and anxiety upon a single individual and therefore makes it impossible for him/her to both manage the business and maintain any semblance of a normal life. 2. With regards the advantages of a corporate business entity, the first of these is with regards to the fact that it is much easier for this entity to gather and raise money from investors. Du e to the fact that a pooling of capital and/or property can be rapidly affected within such a means, it is likely that such an entity will be able to garner a relatively higher level of investment as compared to the other entities thus far discussed. Likewise, a secondary advantage of the Corporation is that unlike the sole proprietorship, the individual shareholders are not personally liable for any debts that the corporation might incur during its operation. Conversely, one of the distinct disadvantages of the corporate business entity is with regards the fact that it is liable for a double taxation. The reader can understand this to mean that the profits of the Corporation are taxed as well as the individual shares that the stakeholders earn as a form of dividends/payments/salary. A further disadvantage is with regards to the fact that not all stakeholders will have an equal share with regards to a voice in how appropriation is wrong. As a function of the fact some shareholders w ill have a much stronger voice and level of ownership, their decisions will be taken much more seriously than those with a lower level of ownership or shares. 3. With regards to piercing the corporate veil, this most directly refers to the legal decision and ability to assume that the rights or duties of incorporation are also the rights and duties of its stakeholders. In this way, the reader can understand why a corporation is typically viewed as a separate legal person; completely and entirely responsible for the debts that it incurs as well as the credits that it is owed. Ultimately, the decision to understand the Corporation as a separate person is only pierced when an exceptional situation arises that forces the law to consider the Corporation in a non-personhood manner. More often than not, litigation with regards to piercing the corporate veil is generally concentric upon the level and extent to which wrongful conduct, proximate cause, or unity of interests might have been vi olated within the initial startup or subsequent actions of the Corporation. Similarly, as was briefly discussed above with regards to the disadvantage of entering into a corporate entity, the double taxation standard will be briefly discussed below. Firstly, whereas a sole proprietorship only allows for the individual to be taxed upon their earnings, the Corporation, regardless of its size and the number

Reflections on The Biblical Model for Discipleship Research Paper

Reflections on The Biblical Model for Discipleship - Research Paper Example For people to grasp and stay in the word of God, all three aspects related with gospel spreading have to be employed. These three humanity aspects include full involvement in God’s work using the soul, heart and mind. According to Paul, there is an importance in developing education in relation to Christianity as it is founded in the bible teachings. However, it is important to have the Christian teachers develop and find their strength and power from the Lord. According to Malphurs, leaders driven by value have the impression that they are not in errand of being followed, but all their actions can be used and aid the congregation with the hope that they get pleased. In his argument, he provides examples stating that having leadership in the church does not assurance one to happen to a excellent leader. This is because, a good leader is that one who has the best will and tirelessly works towards realizing the best of his leadership abilities. He emphasizes on the need to have humility, which results to respect and coordination. Christian Leader With reference to Malphurs writing on Christian leaders, serving and pleasing God is the main emphasis. He used recent research and scriptures to define biblical leadership while explaining different aspects related to Christian leaders1. Christian leaders are recognized as servants the capabilities and abilities of influencing people in contexts that can direct them into God’s ways. For this reason, Christian leadership entails a process that has servants using their abilities to woo people into the word of God. Marphurs in his argument uses Paul to show and teach about Christian leaders. Paul begins by greeting all Christian saints in Philippi who comprise of deacons and overseers. This takes us to some two popular Greek word in the New Testament; episkopos and presbuterous, which mean ‘bishop’ and ‘elder’ respectively. This renders the universal role in practice in the early chu rch as one that was centered at developing a large number of church leaders. This is in the perspective that leadership should only have exaltation directed at Jesus Christ. This is because leadership by one man would result into the exaltation of that particular icon, of which the latter should be accorded to Jesus according to the bible. Since Jesus is the sole head of the church, Paul gives a leadership example in Christianity that fosters on accrediting only Jesus. Therefore Paul never settles on greeting either the overseer or the pastor but addresses the overseers in plural. This was a sign of discouragements on one-man exaltations which contradict with the one pastor phenomena in most churches today. Paul gives another notion by clearly referring to the Philippi faithful as a people ‘along with’ their leaders rather than, a people under their consequent bishops and deacons. This gives the impression of ever Christian as a minister; every Christian has a role in t he ministry. This calls for the eradication of the general perception that there exists a unique minister responsible for overlooking on others. Some ministers may dedicate more time and energy when compared to others but the basement line calls harmonious degrees in all Christians in a ministry. Every Christian is a leader to them with only Jesus as the sole icon that deserves exaltation regardless of the roles played in the entire ministry. There exists no intermediary between the church and God in the perspective

A Concise History of the Middle East Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 1

A Concise History of the Middle East - Essay Example Oppression of Jews in Eastern Europe during the late 1800’s resulted in a mass emigration of Jewish refugees to Palestine some of whom formed Zionist movement, which was aimed at making Palestine an independent Jewish nation (Ellis, 1972) In 1917, Britain issued Balfour declaration which was seen as an attempt to support Jewish. The declaration however stated that Britain’s support for the creation of Jewish national home in Palestine without violating civil and religious rights of the non-Jewish communities. By the year 1923 Britain had received two mandates a provisional mandate over Palestine and another east of river Jordan Arabs apposed the idea of Jewish national home which lead to a Palestine, Arab nation movement in early 1930s over 100,000 Jewish refugees came to Palestine from nazi Germany and Poland) which made the Arabs organize a general uprising that paralyzed Palestine in the late 1930s. In 1939 British began to limit Jewish immigration and land purchases and it was to be done under Arabs approval only (Mendelsohn, 1989) During World War II, most Palestinian Arabs and Jews stopped their resistance to the British rule and joined the allied forces. After World War II Zionist wanted British to allow immigration of the holocaust survivors they therefore used force to stop Great Britain from limiting Jewish immigration into Palestine. The United Nations special commission on Palestine recommended that Palestine be divided into Arab state and Jewish state also Jerusalem to be put under international control. The UN general assembly adopted this plan on November 29 1947, which could lead to the birth of Israel. Arabs rejected the move and fighting broke immediately. Â  

Project 4 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Project 4 - Essay Example However, the issue is that advancements are no longer taking its course. We experience change in lifestyles but the entire people do is to be loyal to certain products and companies. As per the video, competition is currently the mode of every entrepreneur of which the adoption and application of technology influence their market penetration. This indicates that without technological change and adaptation to modern practices business may not gain more. Nonetheless, we may see some other aspects influencing the business environment. These aspects include culture and intense use of social media for advertisement and entertainment that can be used to build successful enterprises. Therefore, as per the video we need to embrace technological innovations and creativity for the future is going to be different. Competition also ensures continuity as each company tries to outwit the other in the market. These in turn is advantageous to clients as they will get quality and connect to the world easily through the Internet (Whittaker & Mike 187). The video is based on a number of technological advancements. With a number of current technological innovations, the video keeps us updated on the extent of our vulnerability brought in by such technological advancements. Although we may benefit from all these advances there are serious risks accompanying them. For instance, a simple car has a lot of connections and computer operated systems that work together to boost its efficiency but when one system fails all there is a fatal accident. Thus, Internet attackers are also everywhere are connected or related in one way of the other. Some attackers work very fast to get information and use them within the shortest time possible to lower their rate of being noticed or detected (Whittaker & Mike 211). In our modern days, we all use mobile phones, but the danger is that

My Writing Experiences Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

My Writing Experiences - Essay Example I am an extrovert person even from my childhood which enabled me to communicate effectively with even strangers. Such communications often increased my knowledge level immensely. New knowledge or information always attracted me irrespective of whether it is useful to me or interesting to me. Topics like politics, sports, cinema, science, history, philosophy, sociology, psychology education, business, and economics; all attracted me and I always tried to collect information regarding the above topics in particular. I strongly believe that my interests in a variety of topics helped me a lot while writing something about a topic. Simple academic knowledge alone cannot make a good writer. Close observation of incidents or developments happening all over the world is necessary for a writer. Moreover, I have a strong temperament in listening others even though I am a bit, talkative person. I consider all the above qualities as the strengths of me as a writer. The main weakness about me as a writer is my inability to concentrate entirely on the topic. Because of a reasonable amount of knowledge I possess about different topics, my track quiet often deviated from the main theme while writing. I need a lot of proofreading sessions before making the topic back on track. I always tried to accommodate too many things in a small paper and hence quiet regularly exceeds the limits while writing my assignments. I always tried to incorporate interesting examples in my paper irrespective of the topic. I believe that the readers are the asset of a writer and hence in order to catch the attention of the readers, interesting examples or stories need to be included in the paper even if we are writing about boring subjects like philosophy or politics. I always like to have a calm and quiet atmosphere around me while writing which enabled me to focus entirely on the paper.

Project 4 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Project 4 - Essay Example However, the issue is that advancements are no longer taking its course. We experience change in lifestyles but the entire people do is to be loyal to certain products and companies. As per the video, competition is currently the mode of every entrepreneur of which the adoption and application of technology influence their market penetration. This indicates that without technological change and adaptation to modern practices business may not gain more. Nonetheless, we may see some other aspects influencing the business environment. These aspects include culture and intense use of social media for advertisement and entertainment that can be used to build successful enterprises. Therefore, as per the video we need to embrace technological innovations and creativity for the future is going to be different. Competition also ensures continuity as each company tries to outwit the other in the market. These in turn is advantageous to clients as they will get quality and connect to the world easily through the Internet (Whittaker & Mike 187). The video is based on a number of technological advancements. With a number of current technological innovations, the video keeps us updated on the extent of our vulnerability brought in by such technological advancements. Although we may benefit from all these advances there are serious risks accompanying them. For instance, a simple car has a lot of connections and computer operated systems that work together to boost its efficiency but when one system fails all there is a fatal accident. Thus, Internet attackers are also everywhere are connected or related in one way of the other. Some attackers work very fast to get information and use them within the shortest time possible to lower their rate of being noticed or detected (Whittaker & Mike 211). In our modern days, we all use mobile phones, but the danger is that

Impact of Colonialism on the Middle East Term Paper

Impact of Colonialism on the Middle East - Term Paper Example However, their political allegiance was always with the country of origin. Other such examples include those of the people of: North America, Australia, New Zealand and Algeria. Imperialism is derived from Latin word Imperium which means to command. It is thus a way that one country exercises power over another, whether through settlement, sovereignty or indirect control, without significant settlement. Typical examples include Africa, American domination of Philippines and Puerto Rico. Colonialism in the Middle East: European colonial activity in Africa and Middle East reached the peak in the late 19th and early 20th century. The British became heavily involved in the affairs of Egypt and Sudan. The British annexed Aden in 1839. The British and the French built and operated the Suez Canal in 1869; Britain went to war with Iran in 1856 over night of way to India and China through Iran. Algeria fell under the French rule in 1830. The French invaded Morocco and occupied Tunisia in 1881 . Zanizibar became a British protectorate in 1890. Germany took over Daras Salaam, and French captured Senegal in 1890. Britain and Russia divided Iran into spheres of interest while Italy captured Libya in 1911. 2-EUROPIAN IMPERIALISM May it be for economic nationalist or humanitarian reasons, more powerful nations have often interfered with the affairs of the weaker nations. The more powerful nations, including the United States, Britain, France, Italy, Portugal, Germany and several other European countries have in the past exploited less powerful and backward countries. European imperialism is used to refer to more recent colonial Empires of Britain, France, Portugal and Spain during the European â€Å"age of exploration†. During the 15th century, Portugal and Spain had the most power navies. Portugal established a powerful Empire which was highly useful for trade. In the 16th, 17th and 18th century, Britain entered the arena largely due to its envy of the Portuguese and S panish properties, which grew to eventually cover an entire quarter of the world population and land mass. This included countries like Egypt, India, Australia, Hong Kong and much of North America. In the 19th century, the imperialistic designs of US and Germany damaged the British stronghold; this tension resulted in the First World War in which the German Empire was taken apart. After the Second World War period of decolonization began as most European power granted independence to their territories. Russia is another example of European imperialism that is stretched across half the world along its longitudinal axis. 3-US IMPERIALISM As said by the Historian Donald W Mening, imperial behavior for the US dates at least to the â€Å"LOUISIANA Purchase† which he described as an Imperial acquisition; imperial in the sense of the gaining control over the territory of another, resulting in the subjugation of the people to alien rule. The US policies towards the Native Americans w ere designed to remold them into a people more appropriately conformed to imperial desires. IIThe Unites States had been the dominant world power over the Middle East since the Second World War. US imperialistic policies drives its strength from the thoughts of the famous think tank A.T Mahan, who maintained that modern industrial nations must secure foreign markets for the purpose of exchanging good and later on, they must maintain a maritime force that is capable of protecting these trade routes. The outcome of the US business and

Useful strategy for a college Essay Example for Free

Useful strategy for a college Essay The Summary/Response essay is a useful strategy for a college essay. Keep the following points in mind as you compose: $ The introduction will be a brief summary of one of the assigned essays or a chapter of the video and its main points. $ The introduction should end with your thesis statement indicating your reaction to the selection (agree/disagree) and the main point you will attempt to prove in your essay regarding this topic. $ Each body paragraph will present one aspect of your argument, and the topic sentence of each paragraph will inform the reader what that specific paragraph will discuss. $ Each body paragraph will include supporting details in the form of explanations, facts, examples (both personal and observed), and/or statistics. If you obtained any information from another source, be sure to state the source of the information and if needed, use quotation marks. $ Each paragraph should stick to its topic and not break unity or coherence by discussing ideas that belong in other paragraphs. All paragraphs will serve to prove your thesis. $ Add needed transition words such as those found on page 9 on your text. A few terms that signal you are adding more examples for explanation purposes are for instance, in addition, and furthermore. Some terms that prepare the reader for a contrast or change in viewpoints are however, although, and but. Some terms that show a result of idea and lead to a summary are therefore, consequently, a a result, and in conclusion.

Review Paper on Fault Tolerance in Cloud Computing

Review Paper on Fault Tolerance in Cloud Computing A REVIEW PAPER ON FAULT TOLERANCE IN CLOUD COMPUTING Deepali Mittal Ms. Neha Agarwal Abstract— Cloud computing demand is increasing due to which it is important to provide correct services in the presence of faults also. The Resources in cloud computing can be dynamically scaled that too in a cost effective manner. Fault Tolerance is the process of finding faults and failures in a system. If a fault occurs or there is a hardware failure or software failure then also the system should work properly. Failures should be managed in a effective way for reliable Cloud Computing. It will also ensure availaibility and robustness .This paper aims to provide a better understanding of fault tolerance techniques which are used for managing faults in cloud. It also deals with some existing Fault tolerance model. Index Terms— Cloud Computing, Fault Tolerance, Dependability. I. Introduction Cloud computing is new method which can be used for representing computing model where IT services are delivered via internet technologies . These have attracted millions of users. Cloud storage not only provide us the massive computing infrastructure but also the economics of scale. Such a trend, requires assurance of the quality of data storage services which involves two concerns from both cloud users and cloud service providers: data integrity and storage efficiency. It is much more simple than internet. It is a service that allows user to access applications that actually exist at location other than user’s own computer or other devices on network. There are many benefits of this technology. For example any other company hosts user application. Cloud computing is nothing new as it uses approaches, concepts, and techniques that have already been developed. But on the other side everything is new as cloud computing changes how we invent, develop, deploy, scale, update, maintain, and pay for applications and the infrastructure on which they run. Cloud Computing is an efficient way of computing as it centralizes the storage, memory and processing. Fault tolerance has the property to assess the capability of the system to react graceciouslly to a hardware and software failure which is not expected. In assortment to attain robustness or raptness in cloud computing, failure should be determined and handled carefully.This paper will give basic knowledge about Fault tolerance Approaches.The Methods used for fault management in cloud We also study some existing fault management models which tolerates fault in cloud environment. Then figure out the best model of fault tolerance. Fault tolerance deals with all different approaches that provides robustness ,availaibility and dependability .The major use of enforcing fault tolerance in cloud computing include recovery from different hardware and software failures, reduced cost and also improves performance . Robustness is the property of providing of with an accurate service in an unwanted situation that can arise because of an unexpected system state. Dependability is something that need to be achieved.It is one of the very important aspects for cloud provider.It includes dependability as well as availability.It is related to some of the Quality of service issues delivered by the system. Fault tolerance intent to accomplish robustness and dependability in the cloud environment.Fault tolerance techniques can be classified into types depending on the policies of fault tolerance viz, Proactive Fault Tolerance : Proactive fault tolerance simple means early prediction of the problem before it actually arises. Reactive fault tolerance: This policy handles the failure. The effect of failure is reduced when the failure actually occurs. This could be further divided into two sub-procedures : 1. Error Processing 2. Flaw Treatment The first process eliminates error from the system. Fault treatment tries to prevent faults from getting reactivated . Fault tolerance is accomplished by error processing. Error Processing has two main phases. The first phase is â€Å"effective error processing† which means bringing the effective error back to a latent state and if possible it is done before occurrence of a failure.The Second Phase is â€Å"latent error processing† which aims to ensure that the error is not reactivated. II. Existing Fault Tolerance Approaches In Cloud The different techniques used for fault tolerance in cloud are : Check pointing: It is a good fault tolerance approach .It is used for applications which have a long running time. In check pointing technique , check pointing is done after each change in system state. It is useful when a task is not able to complete. It fails in the middle due to some error. Then that task is made to begin from the most recent check pointed state instead of restarting it from the beginning. Task Migration : There may be a case when a task in not able to complete on the assigned specific virtual machine . When this type of task failure occurs then that task could be moved other machine. This can be performed by using HA-Proxy. Replication: Replication simply means copying. The replica of tasks is executed on distinct resources if the original instance af task fails.It is done to get the actual required result. Replication can be implemented by using various tools. Some of the tools are Hadoop , HA Proxy or Amazon EC2. Self- Healing : A big task can divided into parts .This division is done for better performance. It results in creation of variant application instance.The instances run on distinct virtual machines.In this way automated failure management is done for instances. Safety bag checks: This strategy is quite simple. It blocks the command which does not met the requirements for safe execution or proper working of machine. S-Guard : It is a stream Processing techniques.It makes available more resources. It use the mechanism of Rollback recovery. Check Pointing is done Asynchronously. It is used for distributed environment. S-Guard is performed using Hadoop or Amazon EC2. Retry : A task is made to execute repeatedly .This approach try to re execute the failed job on same machine . Task Resubmission : A task failure can make the complete job also fail. So when a failed task is identified ,it should be submitted to same or either distinct resource for reexecution. Time checker : Time checker is a supervised technique. A watch dog is used. It consider Critical time function. Rescue workflow : This strategy is used for Fault tolerance in workflow execution. Reconfiguration: The configuration of the system is changed in this technique.The faulty component is removed. Resource Co-allocation: It increases the availability of resources. It takes care of multiple resources. Resource allocation is done to complete the execution of task. III. Fault Tolerance Models Various Fault Tolerance Models are designed using these techniques. These techniques are combined with one another and then applied or simply used individually. Some of Existent fault tolerance models are : â€Å"AFTRC A Fault Tolerance Model for Real Time Cloud Computing† is designed by keeping the fact in mind that real time systems have good computation. These systems are also scalable and make use of virtualization techniques which helps in excuting real time applications more effectively.This model is designed by considering the dependability issue. The model make use of proactive fault strategy and predicts the faulty nodes. â€Å"LLFT Low Latency Fault Tolerance † act as a middleware for tolerating faults. It is useful for distributed application which are running in cloud. In this model fault tolerance is provided like a service by cloud providers. Applications are replicated by middleware. In this way replication helps in handling of faults for different applications. â€Å"FTWS Fault Tolerant WorkFlow Scheduling† is a model based on replication approach. It also makes use of resubmission technique. A metric is maintained for checking the priority of tasks and they are submitted accordingly. The principle of workflow is used in this model. Workflow means a series of task executed orderly. Data dependency decides the order. Fault management is done while the workflow is scheduled. â€Å"FTM† is one of the most flexible model. It delivers fault tolerance as on demand service. The user has a advantage that without having known the working of model ,they can specify the required fault tolerance. It is mainly designed for dependability issues. It consists of various components. Each component has its own functionality. †Candy† is component base availability modeling frame work. It is mainly designed for availaibility issues. System modelling language is used to construct a model from specifications. This is done semi automatically. â€Å"Vega-warden† is a uniform user management system. It creates global work space for variant applications and distinct infrastructure.This model is constructed for virtual cluster base cloud computing environment to overcome the 2 problems: usability and security which arise from sharing of infrastructure. â€Å"FT-Cloud† has a mechanism of automatic detection of faults.It makes use of frequency for finding out the component. â€Å"Magi-Cube† is a kind of architecture for computing in cloud environment.It is designed for dependability,expenditure and performance issues.All three issues are related to storage.This architecture provides highly reliable and less redundant storage. This storage system is done for metadata handling.It also handles file read and write. IV. Fault Tolerant Model for Dependable Cloud Computing Fault Tolerant Model for dependable cloud computing is a model designed for dealing with failures in cloud . As we all know Cloud Computing Environment is made up of virtual machines or you can say nodes. The applications run on these nodes. Using this model faulty nodes are detected and replaced by correctly performing nodes. This is done for real applications. Now on what criteria the model can decide a node to be faulty ? There can be various parameters for detecting faulty node but this model makes use of dependability or dependability measurement. The criteria could be changed according to user’s requirement. A. Working of Model The model is designed for X virtual machines. X distinct algorithms run on the X nodes. Input buffer feeds the data to nodes. The input data is then moved onwards to all the nodes simultaneously. When the node gets the input it starts its operation. It performs some functions as designed or stated by the algorithm . In other words , the algorithm runs on nodes and gives a result .The Funtioning of every module is different. Accepter Module This module tests the nodes for correct result. It verifies the result of algorithms. If the result is faultless or as required then the result is forwarded further for evaluation of dependability.The appropriate result is sent to timer module. The inappropriate result is not forwarded instead signal is sent. Timer Module This module has a timer set for every node .It checks the time of result.If the result is generated before the time set or within that assigned time the only it forwards the result. Dependability Assessor This module is responsible for checking of dependability of nodes. At the starting of system the dependability for each node is set to it maximum that is cent percent. When computations are performed the dependability of nodes dynamically changes.The dependability is decided on the basis of time and correctness of result. Dependability increases if the result is accurate and on time. The highest and lowest limit of dependability is set in the beginning. The node with dependability value less than the lowest dependability is replaced. It also sends a message to resource manager. The result of dependability assesers forwards the results to descision maker module. Decision Maker It gets the result from dependability assessors. A selection of node is done from all perfect nodes. The node which has the maximum dependability is selected. It makes the comparison between the dependability level of nodes and system dependability. System dependability is important to be attained by a node. In case all the node fails to achieve the system dependability then a failure notification is issued. A failure notification means that all the nodes have failed for this computation cycle. Now backward recovery is done using check points .Decision maker also asks the resource manager to replace the node with lowest dependability with the new one. Check Pointing Check Pointing saves the state of system. It is done at regular small intervals. It is helpful in a scenario when a system fails completely. The strategy helps in automatic recovery form the check pointer state. This automatic recovery is done only when all the nodes fails. The system continues to work properly with rest of the nodes. Fig .1.Fault Tolerant Model For Dependable Cloud Computing B. Mechanism Of the Model Dependability Assessment Algorithm Begin Initially dependability:=1, n :=1 Input from configuration RF, maxDependability, minDependability Input nodestatus if nodeStatus =Pass then dependability := dependability + (dependability * RF) if n > 1 then := n-1; else if processing node Status = Fail then dependability: = dependability – (dependability * RF * n) n: = n+1; if dependability >= max Dependability then Dependability: = max Dependability if dependability Call Add new node ( ); End Decision Mechanism Algorithm Begin Initially dependability:=1, n :=1 Input from RA nodeDependability, numCandNodes Input from configuration SRL bestDependability := find_dependability of node with highest dependability if bestDependability >= SRL status := success else perform_backward_recovery call_proc: remove_node_minDependability call_proc: add_new_node End C. Result In the first cycle, both VirtualMacine-1 and VirtualMachine-3 have the same dependability, but the result of VM-1 has been selected as it has a lower IP address. VM-3 output was selected by DM from cycle 2 to 4, as it has the highest dependability among competing virtual machines. In cycle 5 VirtualMachine-3 still has the highest dependability, but it is not selected. Because its result was not passed by AT and TC, so consequently, it was not among competing virtual machines. TABLE I : Result v. Conclusion and future work Tolerance of faults makes an important problem in the scope of environments of cloud computing. Fault tolerance method activates when a fault enters the boundaries i.e theoretically these strategies are implemented for detecting the failures and make an appropriate action before failures are about to occur. I have looked after the need of fault tolerance with its various methods for implementing fault tolerance. Various called models for fault tolerance are discussed .In the present scene, there are number of models which provide different mechanisms to improve the system. But still there are number of problems which requires some concern for every frame work. There are some drawbacks non of them can full fill the all expected aspects of faults. So might be there is a possibility to carried over the drawbacks of all previous models and try to make a appropriate model which can cover maximum fault tolerance aspect. References AnjuBala, InderveerChana,† Fault Tolerance- Challenges, Techniques and Implementation in Cloud Computing† IJCSI International Journal of Computer Science Issues, Vol. 9, Issue 1, No 1, January 2012 ISSN (Online): 1694-0814 www.IJCSI.org Sheheryar MalikandFabriceHuet â€Å"Adaptive Fault Tolerance in Real Time Cloud Computing† 2011 IEEE World Congress on Service Ravi Jhawar, Vincenzo Piuri, Marco Santambrogio,† A Comprehensive Conceptual System-Level Approach to Fault Tolerance in Cloud Computing†, 2012 IEEE, DOI 10.1109/SysCon.2012.6189503 P. Mell, T. Grance. The NISTdefinition of cloud computing. Technical report, National Institute of Standards and Technology, 2009. Wenbing Zhao, Melliar-Smith, and P. M. Moser, â€Å"Fault tolerance middleware for cloud computing,† in 3rd International Conference on Cloud Computing (CLOUD 2010). Miami, FL, USA, 2010. R. Jhawar, V. Piuri, and M. D. Santambrogio, â€Å"A comprehensive conceptual system level approach to fault tolerance in cloud computing,† in Proc. IEEE Int. Syst. Conf., Mar. 2012, pp. 1–5. M. Castro and B. Liskov, â€Å"Practical Byzantine fault tolerance,† in Proc.3rd Symp. Operating Syst. Design Implementation, 1999, pp. 173–186.

green house effect :: essays research papers

GREEN HOUSE EFFECT INTRODUCTION In temperate countries some economically important plants that cannot grow outside at a very low temperature during the winter are grown in glass-walled & glass-roofed growth chambers (known as glass houses)exposed to sunlight. Glass houses are also used in sub tropiacal regions during winter months & relatively cold high altitude for high value horticultural annual crops including flowers on a cmmercial scale as well as for research work especially for breeding of new varities & crop physiological & pathological studies. Temperature within the glass house rises because of the glass of the roof & walls through it allows entry of sunlight with little obstruction,resist the escaping of the reflected light of longer wave-lengths rich in infra-red rays resulting in a heat built up. Such glass houses are called green housesas the light & heat within such houses prove very effective for profuse growth of green plants. The property of trapping heat by carbon di oxide & other gases of the atmosphere is similar to the glass cover of green house that reasists the escaping of heat radiated from inside of the house.As such, these atmospheric gases are called green house gases that resist the escaping of radiated heat from the earth by absorbing infra red rays & particularly reflecting the trapped heat back to earth's surface.this phenomenon is therefore called the green-house effect in wicch certain atmospheric gases act in a manner similar to the glass cover of glass house,as earth itself act as a green-house. MAJOR GREEN HOUSE GASES The major sources of green house gases are (i)CARBON DI OXIDE - It comes from burning of fossil fuels &from deforrestation. (ii)METHANE- It comes from paddy field,burning of wood,wetland etc. (iii)CHLOROFLURO CARBONS -which is populary known as CFC. It comes from air conditioning industry,foam packaging industries. (iv)NITROUS OXIDE-It comes from coal burning,motor veicheles,breakdown of chemial fertilizer,biomass burning. Carbon-di-oxide is the major green-house gas responsible for more than 55% of the green-house-effect. Methane is responsible for 20%,CFC is responsible for 15% & NO is responsible for 5% of the green-house effect. If the amount of carbon-di-oxide & other green-house gases would increase in the atmsphere ,the temperature on the surface of the earth & that of the layers of air adjuscent to the surface would increase,on the other hand global temperature would increase with the decrase in amount of the green house gases in the atmosphere.In fact the amount of all the green-house gase in the atmosphere is gradually increasing, as a result of which it is predicted that the global temperature would increase & there would be climatic changes on the earth resulting in adverse effects on the ecosystem of earth.

Examples of ways to establish ground Essay

Produce a briefing document for a new member of staff who will be delivering classes in your specialist area embedding functional skills. The document should demonstrate your understanding of: a) ways to establish ground rules with learners Beginners Massage Course Introductory Weekend Briefing document The aim of the Beginners Massage Course Introductory Weekend is to give people the chance to learn a few basic massage techniques and explore their interest in massage without having to commit to a full study programme. Before embarking on teaching the Intro weekend it is important to understand the need for ground rules: those already set by the organisation/ set by you, set by the learners themselves before /or during the course and rules agreed by both of you. Organisational Please read through our organisational policies & procedures including Health & Safety & Fire policy; this enables you to understand what to do in the event of a fire and to instruct your students/learners on the evacuation procedure. the syllabus gives clear objectives; lesson plans with suggested time frames, how to assess, monitor and review the achievements of the students, different methods of teaching, resources to hand (course manuals,whiteboard etc.), progression routes from beginners, anatomy & physiology through to practitioner level and also more course specific health and safety guidelines including advice on dress, jewellery, hygiene, use of equipment and the continuous observation of posture and correct stoke techniques. These provide a structure for the course for you & the students to follow, supports the diversification of learning skills (demonstration, verbal, hands on, handouts etc.) and give clear guidelines on where to go next with their knowledge. There are a maximum of 10 students per class with a mix of male & female of all ages though minimum age is 21. Due both to the  size of the room and our past experience we have found that this is an ideal number for a learning group. Requirements sent to all students at time of booking: – please arrive by 9.50am – you may wish to change into loose comfortable clothing – please bring 2 large bath towels – leave all your valuable at home i.e. we rings, necklaces, earrings etc. as we cannot be responsible for any loss or damage to these items as they will have to be removed during the class – For the comfort of the student you will be working with, please ensure your nails are short. These requirements ensure the smooth running of the course, all students having correct equipment/can learn equally and the well-being of students. Tutor set At the start of the course it is good practice to establish some basic housekeeping practices: evacuation procedures, whereabouts of toilets, suggested break/lunch times and use of mobile phones. Introduce yourself. This gives a little of your background to the students, gives them an idea of where they can go and your experience. Give a brief overview of the weekend, how it will run Review/ recap at the end of each day what they have learnt and ask if there are any questions/areas that need attention. This way give structure to the course and helps manage expectations for the students. Student led/negotiated Give students opportunity to introduce themselves Students choose to work with another student and this partner can be kept for the whole weekend or they may change. Students are more compliant when they set the rules so allow them to decide if & when they are ready to move onto the next technique or wish to review and repeat what they have already done. This way gives opportunity to learn the syllabus whilst allowing some fluidity in what pace the class moves at, allows access for everyone to learn equally and working with individual learning requirements. Understanding more about each other gives a feeling of ‘community’ or familiarity within the group so mutual respect & empathy can take place.

How does Steinbeck explore the theme of loneliness in ‘Of Mice and Men’? Essay

In ‘Of Mice and Men’ Steinbeck deals with the theme of loneliness. I will be analysing the way in which Steinbeck explores loneliness at every angle. Analysis will include the futility of the American dream, the loneliness of the American man, a fully detailed character analysis showing loneliness and why Steinbeck chose to concentrate on the theme of loneliness. ‘Of mice and Men’ was written in 1937 and was amongst the three most powerful novels of the late 30’s, focusing on the Californian labouring class. ‘The Grapes of Wrath’ and ‘In Dubious Battle’ were the others. John Steinbeck was born in Salinas, in 1902, he grew up in an area where agriculture had been the main source of income. From here, he was bale to gather inspiration and produce amazing settings for some of the best fiction such as ‘Of Mice and Men’. The Great Depression, an era in which America had faced its longest trade recession in her history, bringing the country toward a stand still. People were fleeing like bees, running after jobs and money. Jobless men started to tour the country moving from state to state. Oklahoma and Arkansas faced the worst when farmers land was taken away. Historical records showed that a number of 30,000 people migrated to the state of California. ‘Where the grass was green, the soil was good and hopes were made’. Due to the Great depression, Steinbeck felt pushed out of his own state. From here he was able to draw on a situation and portray the ambitious dream resulting form the Great depression. George Milton and Lennie Small, both drifters, have nobody but each other. A dream absorbed in their minds, a dream in which someday they will have their own place, a place in which they could call home. Working in Salinas Valley, California, they hope to fulfil their dream. Lennie shows a downfall and their lives are horrified and their dream is no longer achievable. Of Mice and Men shows an excellent aspect toward real life situation especially at that time in California. Steinbeck shows and gives a great example of how the American dream was futile. The American dream is a vision in which all Americans are wanting to achieve. The success of owning their land and to once become bosses. Everybody is equal and all have a role to play in life. Everybody has enough to build a good home, make money and build a better life for themselves. Except black people. Despite the fact slavery had been over for a long period of time, thoughts and attitudes towards blacks were critical. Black people were not seen as important, but were only useful for menial jobs. ‘The best laid schemes Gang Aft Agley’ (often goes wrong). The best laid schemes often go wrong, due to the effect of loneliness and depression. Everybody has to work and help one another, without a helping hand, their hopes will not turn into reality. The American dream represents a way in which people may escape from a lonely place. They set themselves a goal and they are determined to achieve it. George and Lennie place hopes in their minds and say to each other what they are going to achieve. Here they become motivated and set their mind away from the lonely situation. They believe that they will make enough to live ‘off the fat of the land’. They hope to become their own bosses. All this is a result from the American dream and the loneliness of the American man.

Analysis of environment, industry and SWOT analysis

The Australian food retailing industry is characterized by a high level of competitiveness. The intense competitiveness has led to an environment in which emphasis on cost efficiency has become the critical success factor. In the general environment, the key to maintaining competitiveness has become ensuring cost efficiency through efficient supply chain management.This efficiency can be promoted technologically. Economic factors are also important in the environment. These factors manifest themselves in high levels of household debt, a low national rate of saving, falling house prices, falling oil prices and increases in unemployment and interest rates. In Aldi’s case, these environmental factors are likely to exercise a negative influence on consumer spending.The threat of new entrants is high in this industry. For example, Aldi faces the threat of its main European rival Lidl entering the Australian market. Therefore the threat of substitute products is also high. This thre at is underscored by the fact that most competitors are carrying house brands which are enabling them to offer high quality at a low price. This has resulted in a high level of competitive rivalry.The main competitors currently are Woolworths and Coles-Myer. These are the two major national chains. There are also smaller regional players such Action, IGA and Franklins. These companies are focusing on cost efficiencies and therefore sustainability of competitive advantage has become difficult to maintain. Bargaining power of customers in the FMCG industry is also high. However the bargaining power of suppliers is not that high. Costs in this case have been streamlined through building long term relations.Aldi’s main strength is the process of decentralization empowering managers. There is a high degree of delegation in the company. The company’s weakness is in its lack of investment in marketing. Currently this is not a problem but in the future, as new entrants stake o ut a claim in the industry, the company might have to invest in aggressive promotional strategies (cited in Hill, 2008).However the company is not structured to shift focus accordingly. Lack of market research might also become a problem in case of increased competitiveness. The opportunity for the company is to move into other Australian states and territories.In the immediate time frame, the company should focus on South Australia because of its proximity to its current locations. The threat is the rising level of competition not only from the existing players but also from new entrants. The competitive threat is being created in terms of cost improvements and product diversifications (cited in Aaker, 2004).Key resources and capabilitiesThe source of Aldi’s competitive advantage is cost leadership. Implementation of this strategy has been facilitated by maintaining good relations with channel members and ensuring employee satisfaction.Channel members include the suppliers a nd the customers. Aldi’s strategic focus is to ensure maximum customer satisfaction by maintaining a product range that is in alignment with customer tastes and preferences. The company also maintains good relations with the suppliers by maintaining a shared information network.Its cultural orientation is also unique in terms of facilitating the highest degree of decentralization and delegation. This gives the managers a sense of ownership over their processes and as a result they are committed to the continuous improvement process. This is a critical success factor for the company in the highly competitive environment in which it operates and these resources ensure a sustainable competitive advantage.What gives Aldi a sustainable competitive advantage is its limited product range that consists of house brands. The advantage of maintaining this orientation is that strategies against the threat of product differentiation can be implemented.This is particularly relevant in Aldi ’s case because it faces intense competition from Woolworths and Coles-Meyer which are major national chains and draw their competitive advantage from maintaining a widely diversified product portfolio.Therefore Aldi has to position itself as a low cost provider of products of comparable quality. This is facilitated through cutting costs in areas such as not providing free shopping bags, surcharges on credit card payments and motivating customers to manage their own shopping trolleys.These strategies enable the company to cut down the size of its manpower and therefore reduce costs. Being cost conscious is the first part of its guiding philosophy. The second and third parts of the philosophy are related to ensuring satisfaction with customers and suppliers.

Self Reflective Course Concept Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Self Reflective Course Concept - Essay Example A brief recap on the old concept of business that dictates the main essence of establishing a business is to maximize profits. These old concept discouraged organizations against social responsibility as the accountability of the social responsibility on the part of the organizational profit could not be viewed. It is on these basis that the new concept of business was entailed which necessitated that the business carries out its activities, becomes socially responsible and maintains its customers. This was a crucial aspect for various business ventures as most of them sustained the business venture with confidentiality and loyalty from their customers. The aspect of Social responsibility can never be over-emphasized in any organization. Sir Immanuel Kant a deontologist suggested that in order for people to act morally they must act from positions of duty. He also added that it is not the various action consequences that make them either right or wrong, but the intensions or rather motives of the person carrying them. Deontological ethics refers to the ethical normative stance that determines how moral an action on the adherence of the rule and finally rules. To the business organization morals are determined by what is generally right. Aspects of giving consumers the right product quantity, disclosing enough information about the various goods and services, giving quality products are all issues covered in deontological ethics. Teleological ethics touches on morality that dictates the moral obligations and duties and distinguishes it from what is desirable or good. Ethical egoism can generally be referred to as the position accorded to the agents of morals. Those at positions that necessitates their exercise of morals. These are determined by what is in their own self interest. Their relationship to business ethics is that they all contribute to the topic on ethics and guide the ethical profession Teleological ethics touches on

Mithodology and planning Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Mithodology and planning - Essay Example Course ideas The lesson is part of a unit or course that I have taught back in my school. So the idea of the course is not a new thing for me. While designing this course, I focused on the students’ needs in the first place as is explained by Graves (2000). I am going to teach this course to young intermediate female students who are studying English as a compulsory subject among other Arabic subjects in the school. Therefore, on the whole goal of the course is to improve the students’ four language skills: speaking, listening, reading and writing through a common and lovable topic such as food. Beliefs inherent in planning Since the type of the course is integrated course of the four skills, in each lesson I tried to focus on a specific skill. In this lesson, I tried to concentrate more on the writing skill by teaching students the sequence of words that will make their writing more coherent. Also, I have not just focussed on language but also tried to introduce the culture of English language through my lesson as it is presented by Cruz, Bonissone and Baff (1995). They encouraged teaching the culture of the second language and explained that it will make the abstract form of the language more meaningful. Thus, through this lesson I introduced examples of common food in English culture such as peanut butter sandwiches and chocolate muffins. Moreover, there is a connection between L1 and L2, due to the nature of the human brain. Students tend to translate what they learn in L2 to their L1 (Littlewood & Yu, 2009). Therefore, I tried to bring their previous knowledge about food in their L1 and to use the English language to talk about it. Also, when choosing the activities for my lesson I considered my students’ different learning styles as it is cited in Nunan, (1999).Furthermore, I used different learning strategies, through various activities. The reason for this variation is to keep the students interested all the time and to attract their attention. Also, my role as a teacher through these activities was to direct them with simple and direct instructions and to observe their work. However, I did not correct their errors in a direct way and tried to accept their answers as such in order to encourage them and give them the freedom to participate more. On the other hand, the role of the students was productive and they had a great part in speaking, reading and writing. This facilitates my role as a teacher because I had to observe and direct only. Context The topic of my course and lesson is about food, which is a common topic. Therefore, it can be adapted in any context. H owever, there are some adaptations that could be made according to the context in which this course will be given. For example, kinds of food, types of activities and materials. Also, in my context I have to pay attention on my students’ religious and cultural backgrounds when choosing the topic of my texts. For example, I cannot teach the Muslim students texts that talk about how to prepare a pork sandwich, because eating the pig’s meat is forbidden in Islam. Nevertheless, the number of the students in my real context is vast and there is always lack of materials. However, the most significant element